[LeetCode] Tag Validator 标签验证器

Given a string representing a code snippet, you need to implement a tag validator to parse the code and return whether it is valid. A code snippet is valid if all the following rules hold:

1. The code must be wrapped in a valid closed tag. Otherwise, the code is invalid.
2. A closed tag (not necessarily valid) has exactly the following format : <TAG_NAME>TAG_CONTENT</TAG_NAME>. Among them, <TAG_NAME> is the start tag, and </TAG_NAME> is the end tag. The TAG_NAME in start and end tags should be the same. A closed tag is valid if and only if the TAG_NAME and TAG_CONTENT are valid.
3. A valid TAG_NAME only contain upper-case letters, and has length in range [1,9]. Otherwise, the TAG_NAMEis invalid.
4. A valid TAG_CONTENT may contain other valid closed tags, cdata and any characters (see note1) EXCEPTunmatched <, unmatched start and end tag, and unmatched or closed tags with invalid TAG_NAME. Otherwise, the TAG_CONTENT is invalid.
5. A start tag is unmatched if no end tag exists with the same TAG_NAME, and vice versa. However, you also need to consider the issue of unbalanced when tags are nested.
6. A < is unmatched if you cannot find a subsequent >. And when you find a < or </, all the subsequent characters until the next > should be parsed as TAG_NAME (not necessarily valid).
7. The cdata has the following format : <![CDATA[CDATA_CONTENT]]>. The range of CDATA_CONTENT is defined as the characters between <![CDATA[ and the first subsequent ]]>.
8. CDATA_CONTENT may contain any characters. The function of cdata is to forbid the validator to parse CDATA_CONTENT, so even it has some characters that can be parsed as tag (no matter valid or invalid), you should treat it as regular characters.

Valid Code Examples:

Input: "<DIV>This is the first line <![CDATA[<div>]]></DIV>"
Output: True
Explanation: 
The code is wrapped in a closed tag : <DIV> and </DIV>. 
The TAG_NAME is valid, the TAG_CONTENT consists of some characters and cdata. 
Although CDATA_CONTENT has unmatched start tag with invalid TAG_NAME, it should be considered as plain text, not parsed as tag.
So TAG_CONTENT is valid, and then the code is valid. Thus return true.

Input: "<DIV>>>  ![cdata[]] <![CDATA[<div>]>]]>]]>>]</DIV>"
Output: True
Explanation:
We first separate the code into : start_tag|tag_content|end_tag.
start_tag -> "<DIV>"
end_tag -> "</DIV>"
tag_content could also be separated into : text1|cdata|text2.
text1 -> ">>  ![cdata[]] "
cdata -> "<![CDATA[<div>]>]]>", where the CDATA_CONTENT is "<div>]>"
text2 -> "]]>>]"

The reason why start_tag is NOT "<DIV>>>" is because of the rule 6.
The reason why cdata is NOT "<![CDATA[<div>]>]]>]]>" is because of the rule 7.

Invalid Code Examples:

Input: "<A>  <B> </A>   </B>"
Output: False
Explanation: Unbalanced. If "<A>" is closed, then "<B>" must be unmatched, and vice versa.

Input: "<DIV>  div tag is not closed  <DIV>"
Output: False

Input: "<DIV>  unmatched <  </DIV>"
Output: False

Input: "<DIV> closed tags with invalid tag name  <b>123</b> </DIV>"
Output: False

Input: "<DIV> unmatched tags with invalid tag name  </1234567890> and <CDATA[[]]>  </DIV>"
Output: False

Input: "<DIV>  unmatched start tag <B>  and unmatched end tag </C>  </DIV>"
Output: False

Note:

1. For simplicity, you could assume the input code (including the any characters mentioned above) only contain letters, digits, '<','>','/','!','[',']' and ' '.

这道题让我们给了我们一个字符串，其实是html的代码，让我们验证其写法是否正确。规定了八条规则，比如说必须是封闭的，标签名必须都是大写，并且不能超过9个字符，还规定了CDATA的一些格式规范，并且给了一些实例，但是说实话，题目中给的这些例子完全不能覆盖OJ中的各种情况，博主这次完全被OJ教育了，每次submit都被OJ打回来，然后分析未通过的test case，修改代码，再提交，再打回，折腾了十几次，终于通过OJ，绿色的Accepted出现的那一刹那，无比的快感，这也是博主能坚持到现在的动力之一吧，当然最主要的动力还是大家的支持与鼓励，博主很喜欢跟大家留言互动哈。下面呈上博主fail过的case，并来分析原因：

"<![CDATA[wahaha]]]><![CDATA[]> wahaha]]>"  -> False

错误原因：没有以Tag开头

"<A><A>/A></A></A>"  -> True

多余的'>'不会影响

"<A>  <B> </A>   </B>"  -> False

错误原因：最后一个闭标签只能闭合首标签

"<A></A><B></B>"  -> False

错误原因：最后一个闭标签只能闭合首标签

"<A><B></B></A>"  -> True

没有content data也没关系

"<A>![CDATA[/A>]]></A>"  -> True

CDATA中间的内容可以是任意字符

""  -> False

错误原因：没有标签存在

"<A></A>"  -> True

没有content data也没关系

"<A></A>>"  -> False

错误原因：末尾存在多余的'>'

"<DIV>>>>>>>  ![cdata[]] <![CDATA[<div>]>]]>]]>>]</DIV>"  -> True

注意content data的干扰字符

"<AAAAAAAAAA></AAAAAAAAAA>"  -> False

错误原因：标签的字符长度不能超过9个

"<a><a></a></a>"  ->  False

错误原因：标签字符必须都是大写

"<A><!CDATAA[[123]]></A>"  -> False

错误原因：没有正确的match上"<![CDATA["，也不能当做标签

"!!!<A>123</A>123"  -> False

错误原因：不能以非标签开头

"<A>123</A>123"  -> False

错误原因：不能以非标签结尾

由于博主的修修补补使得博主自己的代码看起来不elegant，所以博主借鉴了论坛上dengzhizhang大神的解法，果然还是用find函数写起来简洁，而不是用while函数来一个一个的找。下面的代码结构还是比较清晰的，首先对于这种成对匹配的问题肯定是要用栈stack的，就像之前的匹配括号的问题。那么我们来遍历code字符串，首先是判断，如果当前遍历到的字符非首字符，并且栈为空，那么直接返回false。虽然只是短短的一句但其实非常的重要，这句就排除了很多错误情况，比如开头结尾不是标签的情况，以及没有标签的情况，和开头的标签在中间就闭合了情况等等，非常powerful的一句判断。然后我们来处理包含CDATA的情况，当然是要先匹配到"<![CDATA["，然后我们用find来找结束标志"]]>"，如果没找到，直接返回false，找到了点话就继续遍历，顺便把当前遍历的位置移到结束标志符的最后一位上。

如果我们只匹配到了"</"，说明是个结束标签，那么我们用find来找到右尖括号'>'，如果没找到直接返回false，找到了就把tag到内容提出来，然后看此时的stack，如果stack为空，或者栈顶元素不等于tag，直接返回false，否则就将栈顶元素取出。

如果我们只匹配到了"<"，说明是个起始标签，还是要找右尖括号，如果找不到，或者标签的长度为0，或者大于9了，直接返回true。然后遍历标签的每一位，如果不全是大些字母，返回false，否则就把tag压入栈。那么你可能会有疑问，为啥在处理结束标签时，没有这些额外的判断呢，因为结束标签要和栈顶元素比较，栈里的标签肯定都是合法的，所以如果结束标签不合法，那么肯定不相等，也就直接返回false了。最后我们看栈是否为空，如果不为空，说明有未封闭的标签，返回false。参见代码如下：

class Solution {
public:
    bool isValid(string code) {
        stack<string> st;
        for (int i = ; i < code.size(); ++i) {
            if (i >  && st.empty()) return false;
            if (code.substr(i, ) == "<![CDATA[") {
                int j = i + ;
                i = code.find("]]>", j);
                if (i < ) return false;
                i += ;
            } else if (code.substr(i, ) == "</") {
                int j = i + ;
                i = code.find(">", j);
                if (i < ) return false;
                string tag = code.substr(j, i - j);
                if (st.empty() || st.top() != tag) return false;
                st.pop();
            } else if (code.substr(i, ) == "<") {
                int j = i + ;
                i = code.find(">", j);
                if (i <  || i == j || i - j > ) return false;
                for (int k = j; k < i; ++k) {
                    if (code[k] < 'A' || code[k] > 'Z') return false;
                }
                string tag = code.substr(j, i - j);
                st.push(tag);
            }
        }
        return st.empty();
    }
};

这道题只是判断html里最简单的标签，并没有加上js和css的东西，就已经是个Hard的题目了。论坛看到有大神们用正则匹配来做，代码太简洁了，但是博主看不太懂那个正则表达式，囧～所以没有把那种解法贴上来，大家可以看看zqfan大神的帖子，如果哪位看官大神看懂了，请给博主讲一下，博主可以贴上来供大家参考，多谢～

类似题目：

Add Bold Tag in String

参考资料：

https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/91473/clean-c-solution

https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/91446/c-clean-code-recursive-parser

https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/91505/6-lines-c-solution-using-regex

https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/91300/java-solution-use-startswith-and-indexof

https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/91406/java-solution-7-lines-regular-expression/2

LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)