使用Qemu运行Ubuntu文件系统（1）

参考

https://blog.csdn.net/mountzf/article/details/51707853

https://blog.csdn.net/stephen_lu_fahai/article/details/76618581

http://wiki.t-firefly.com/zh_CN/Firefly-RK3399/linux_build_ubuntu_rootfs.html

https://blog.csdn.net/w401229755/article/details/53350010

 

平台

Qemu + AArch32（vexpress-ca9）

Linux: Linux-4.14.13

 

概述

        根文件系统采用busybox的优点是节省空间，缺点是添加一款软件就需要自己找源代码编译，还需要解决依赖关系，费时费力，为了解决这个问题，可以使用ubuntu的arm版本的根文件系统，这样就可以充分利用ubuntu软件仓库里已经做好的众多软件包，并且依赖关系也已经帮我们解决了，安装的方式跟PC机一样，使用apt命令。

 

正文

使用的平台还是Qemu，用它来模拟一个vexpress-ca9开发板，这部分可以参考下面的博客：

用Qemu搭建aarch32学习环境

为Qemu aarch32开发板添加sd卡

实现Qemu aarch32虚拟开发板ping www.baidu.com

 

启动Qemu的命令如下：

kernel_dir=./Linux-4.14.
kernel_image=${kernel_dir}/arch/arm/boot/zImage
dtb_image=${kernel_dir}/arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb

sudo qemu-system-arm \
    -M vexpress-a9 \
    -m 1024M \
    -smp  \
    -kernel ${kernel_image} \
    -nographic \
    -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyAMA0,115200" \
    -net nic,vlan= -net tap,vlan=,ifname=tap2 \
    -sd ./ubuntu_rootfs/ubuntu.img \
    -dtb ${dtb_image}

说明，其中/dev/mmcblk0表示跟文件系统所在的设备，因为没有进行分区并且使用sd卡启动方式，所以是mmcblk0。第13行就是我们下面要制作的ubuntu根文件系统。

一、安装Qemu

在Linux PC主机上安装模拟器：

sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static

二、下载和解压 ubuntu-core

 

先从官方上获取ubuntu core的tar包：http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-base/releases/16.04/release/

选择下载ubuntu-base-16.04-core-armhf.tar.gz，下载完之后，创建临时文件夹并解压根文件系统：

mkdir tmp
sudo tar -xf ubuntu-base-16.04-core-armhf.tar.gz -C tmp/

三、修改根文件系统

1、准备网络

sudo cp -b /etc/resolv.conf tmp/etc/reso

sudo cp -b /etc/resolv.conf tmp/etc/resolv.conf

这个文件存放了DNS服务器的地址

2、准备qemu

cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static tmp/usr/bin/

3、增加软件源

sudo vim tmp/etc/apt/source.list

将下面的两行的注释取消掉：
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe
deb-src http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ xenial universe

4、进入根文件系统进行操作

可以使用下面的脚本ch-mount.sh将根目录切换到tmp下：

#!/bin/bash

function mnt() {
    echo "MOUNTING"
    sudo mount -t proc /proc ${}proc
    sudo mount -t sysfs /sys ${}sys
    sudo mount -o bind /dev ${}dev

    sudo chroot ${}
}

function umnt() {
    echo "UNMOUNTING"
    sudo umount ${}proc
    sudo umount ${}sys
    sudo umount ${}dev

}

if [ "$1" == "-m" ] && [ -n "$2" ] ;
then
    mnt $ $
elif [ "$1" == "-u" ] && [ -n "$2" ];
then
    umnt $ $
else
    echo ""
    echo "Either 1'st, 2'nd or both parameters were missing"
    echo ""
    echo "1'st parameter can be one of these: -m(mount) OR -u(umount)"
    echo "2'nd parameter is the full path of rootfs directory(with trailing '/')"
    echo ""
    echo "For example: ch-mount -m /media/sdcard/"
    echo ""
    echo 1st parameter : ${}
    echo 2nd parameter : ${}
fi

切换根目录：

sudo ch-mount.sh -m tmp/

• 更新

apt update
apt upgrade

• 安装软件包

apt install udev       #否则ttyAMA0无法找到
apt install vim        #vim编辑器
apt install net-tools  #ifconfig，netstat，route，arp等
apt install iputils-ping #ping
apt install sudo       #sudo命令
#apt install ssh        #ssh的client和server
apt install ethtool    #ethtool命令，显示、修改以太网设置
#apt install wireless-tools    #iwconfig等，显示、修改无线设置
apt install ifupdown          #ifup，ifdown等工具
#apt install network-manager   #Network Manager服务和框架，高级网络管理
apt install rsyslog           #系统log服务
apt install bash-completion   #bash命令行补全
apt install htop              #htop工具，交互式进程查看器
apt install nfs-common        #可以远程挂载mount -t nfs
apt install telnetd           #可以用telnet登录

对于bash命令自动补全功能，需要安装bash-completion，此外还需要修改/etc/bash.bashrc，将下面的命令的注释去掉：

 # enable bash completion in interactive shells
 if ! shopt -oq posix; then
   if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
     . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
   elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
     . /etc/bash_completion
   fi
 fi

然后重新登录即可。

• 创建用户

全部安装完之后，添加一个用户pengdl，并设置密码，同时把root的密码也修改一下：

useradd -s '/bin/bash' -m -G adm,sudo pengdl  #增加pengdl用户，同时加到sudo用户组，这样就可以使用sudo命令了
passwd pengdl #给pengdl用户设置密码
passwd root #修改root密码

为pengdl增加sudo权限，修改/etc/sudoers，增加：

pengdl  ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

• 设置ip

编辑/etc/network/interfaces，添加如下内容：

auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.5
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1

• 设置hostname

设置主机名称：
echo "ubuntu-arm">/etc/hostname

设置本机入口ip：
echo "127.0.0.1 localhost">>/etc/hosts
echo "127.0.1.1 ubuntu-arm">>/etc/hosts

在软件安装完毕后，退出根目录：ctrl+D 或者 exit

执行umount:

./ch-mount.sh -u tmp/

四、制作根文件系统

• 查看根文件系统的大小

du -sh tmp/
351M    tmp/

• 生成镜像，并格式为ext4

dd if=/dev/zero  of=ubuntu.img   bs=1M   count=
mkfs.ext4 ubuntu.img
mkdir mnt
sudo mount  ubuntu.img mnt
sudo cp -rfp tmp/* mnt
sudo umount mnt

#检查并修复ubuntu.img
e2fsck -p -f ubuntu.img

五、测试

• 开机：

[    8.915670] Freeing unused kernel memory: 1024K
[   12.875789] systemd[]: Failed to insert module 'autofs4': No such file or directory
[   13.486345] systemd[]: systemd  running in system mode. (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD -IDN)
[   13.497463] systemd[]: Detected architecture arm.

Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS!

[   13.536063] systemd[]: Set hostname to <ubuntu-arm>.
[   15.590117] systemd-gpt-aut () used greatest stack depth:  bytes left
[   16.987350] systemd[]: Reached target Swap.
...
[  OK  ] Found device /dev/ttyAMA0.
[  OK  ] Reached target Sound Card.
[  OK  ] Started ifup for eth0.
[  OK  ] Found device /sys/subsystem/net/devices/eth0.
[  OK  ] Started LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand".
[  OK  ] Started Raise network interfaces.
[  OK  ] Reached target Network.
         Starting /etc/rc.local Compatibility...
[  OK  ] Started /etc/rc.local Compatibility.
[  OK  ] Started Serial Getty on ttyAMA0.
[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty5.
[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty3.
[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty6.
[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty2.
[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty1.
[  OK  ] Started Getty on tty4.
[  OK  ] Reached target Login Prompts.
[  OK  ] Reached target Multi-User System.
[  OK  ] Reached target Graphical Interface.
         Starting Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes...
[  OK  ] Started Update UTMP about System Runlevel Changes.

Ubuntu 16.04 LTS ubuntu-arm ttyAMA0

ubuntu-arm login: pengdl
Password:
Last login: Sun Aug  :: UTC  on ttyAMA0
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.14.+ armv7l)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/
pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr :::::
          inet addr:192.168.1.5  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:  Metric:
          RX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: frame:
          TX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: carrier:
          collisions: txqueuelen:
          RX bytes: (2.1 KB)  TX bytes: (296.0 B)
          Interrupt: 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:  Metric:
          RX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: frame:
          TX packets: errors: dropped: overruns: carrier:
          collisions: txqueuelen:
          RX bytes: (0.0 B)  TX bytes: (0.0 B)

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ ping www.baidu.com
PING www.a.shifen.com (61.135.169.121) () bytes of data.
 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq= ttl= time=4.12 ms
 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq= ttl= time=3.71 ms
 bytes from 61.135.169.121: icmp_seq= ttl= time=3.83 ms
^C
--- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics ---
 packets transmitted,  received, % packet loss, time 2017ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 3.717/3.891/4.125/0.186 ms

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ sudo apt install htop
Reading package lists... Done
Reading state information... Done
Suggested packages:
  lsof strace
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  htop
 upgraded,  newly installed,  to remove and  not upgraded.
Need to get 67.7 kB of archives.
After this operation,  kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get: http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports xenial/universe armhf htop armhf 2.0.1-1 [67.7 kB]
Fetched 67.7 kB in 2s (27.0 kB/s)
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Selecting previously unselected package htop.
(Reading database ...  files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking htop (2.0.-) ..._2.0.1-1_armhf.deb ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (.59ubuntu1) ...

• 关机：

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ sudo shutdown -h now
[  OK  ] Stopped target Timers.
[  OK  ] Stopped Daily apt activities.
[  OK  ] Stopped target System Time Synchronized.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Graphical Interface.
[  OK  ] Stopped Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Multi-User System.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Login Prompts.
         Stopping Getty on tty6...
         Stopping Getty on tty1...
         Stopping Getty on tty5...
         Stopping Getty on tty4...
[  OK  ] Stopped getty on tty2-tty6 if dbus and logind are not available.
         Stopping Getty on tty2...
         Stopping Getty on tty3...
         Stopping LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand"...
[  OK  ] Reached target Unmount All Filesystems.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Sound Card.
         Stopping Serial Getty on ttyAMA0...
[  OK  ] Removed slice system-getty.slice.
[  OK  ] Stopped /etc/rc.local Compatibility.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Network.
         Stopping Raise network interfaces...
         Stopping Permit User Sessions...
[  OK  ] Removed slice system-serial\x2dgetty.slice.
[  OK  ] Stopped LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand".
[  OK  ] Stopped Permit User Sessions.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Basic System.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Paths.
[  OK  ] Stopped Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Stopped Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Slices.
[  OK  ] Stopped target System Initialization.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Encrypted Volumes.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Swap.
         Stopping Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...
         Stopping Load/Save Random Seed...
         Stopping Network Time Synchronization...
[  OK  ] Stopped target Sockets.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems (Pre).
[  OK  ] Stopped Load/Save Random Seed.
[  OK  ] Stopped Network Time Synchronization.
[  OK  ] Stopped Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
[  OK  ] Stopped Create Volatile Files and Directories.
[  OK  ] Stopped Raise network interfaces.
[  OK  ] Stopped Apply Kernel Variables.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems (Pre).
[  OK  ] Stopped Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
[  OK  ] Stopped Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.
[  OK  ] Stopped Load Kernel Modules.
[  OK  ] Reached target Shutdown.
[  385.729940] reboot: Power down
sudo brctl delif br0 tap2
sudo tunctl -d tap2
TUNSETIFF: Device or resource busy
brctl show
bridge name    bridge id        STP enabled    interfaces
br0        .f48e387d73d8    no        enp3s0
virbr0        8000.000000000000    yes        

• 重启：

pengdl@ubuntu-arm:~$ sudo reboot
[sudo] password for pengdl:
[  OK  ] Stopped target Sound Card.
[  OK  ] Reached target Unmount All Filesystems.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Timers.
[  OK  ] Stopped Daily apt activities.
[  OK  ] Stopped target System Time Synchronized.
[  OK  ] Stopped Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Graphical Interface.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Multi-User System.
         Stopping LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand"...
[  OK  ] Stopped target Login Prompts.
         Stopping Getty on tty5...
         Stopping Getty on tty3...
         Stopping Getty on tty2...
         Stopping Getty on tty6...
[  OK  ] Stopped getty on tty2-tty6 if dbus and logind are not available.
         Stopping Getty on tty4...
         Stopping Serial Getty on ttyAMA0...
         Stopping Getty on tty1...
[  OK  ] Stopped Getty on tty4.
[  OK  ] Stopped Serial Getty on ttyAMA0.
[  OK  ] Stopped Getty on tty2.
[  OK  ] Removed slice system-serial\x2dgetty.slice.
         Stopping Permit User Sessions...
[  OK  ] Removed slice system-getty.slice.
[  OK  ] Stopped /etc/rc.local Compatibility.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Network.
         Stopping Raise network interfaces...
[  OK  ] Stopped LSB: Set the CPU Frequency Scaling governor to "ondemand".
[  OK  ] Stopped Permit User Sessions.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Basic System.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Paths.
[  OK  ] Stopped Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Stopped Dispatch Password Requests to Console Directory Watch.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Sockets.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Slices.
[  OK  ] Stopped target System Initialization.
         Stopping Network Time Synchronization...
[  OK  ] Stopped target Encrypted Volumes.
         Stopping Load/Save Random Seed...
         Stopping Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown...
[  OK  ] Stopped target Swap.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Remote File Systems (Pre).
[  OK  ] Stopped Network Time Synchronization.
[  OK  ] Stopped Load/Save Random Seed.
[  OK  ] Stopped Update UTMP about System Boot/Shutdown.
[  OK  ] Stopped Create Volatile Files and Directories.
[  OK  ] Stopped Raise network interfaces.
[  OK  ] Stopped Apply Kernel Variables.
[  OK  ] Stopped Load Kernel Modules.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems.
[  OK  ] Stopped target Local File Systems (Pre).
[  OK  ] Stopped Remount Root and Kernel File Systems.
[  OK  ] Stopped Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
[  OK  ] Reached target Shutdown.
[   85.454918] reboot: Restarting system
[    0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
[    0.000000] Linux version 4.14.+ (pengdonglin@pengdonglin-dell) (gcc version 4.8.  (prerelease) (Sourcery CodeBench Lite 2014.05-)) # SMP PREEMPT Thu Apr  :: CST
[    0.000000] CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision  (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d
[    0.000000] CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache
[    0.000000] OF: fdt: Machine model: V2P-CA9
[    0.000000] Memory policy: Data cache writealloc
[    0.000000] cma: Reserved  MiB at 0x9f000000

 未完待续……