fork(2) - Linux man page
fork(2): create child process - Linux man page https://linux.die.net/man/2/fork
fork(2) - Linux man page
Name
fork - create a child process
Synopsis
#include <unistd.h>
pid_t fork(void);
Description
fork() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The new process, referred to as the child, is an exact duplicate of the calling process, referred to as the parent, except for the following points:
- *
- The child has its own unique process ID, and this PID does not match the ID of any existing process group (setpgid(2)).
- *
- The child's parent process ID is the same as the parent's process ID.
- *
- The child does not inherit its parent's memory locks (mlock(2), mlockall(2)).
- *
- Process resource utilizations (getrusage(2)) and CPU time counters (times(2)) are reset to zero in the child.
- *
- The child's set of pending signals is initially empty (sigpending(2)).
- *
- The child does not inherit semaphore adjustments from its parent (semop(2)).
- *
- The child does not inherit record locks from its parent (fcntl(2)).
- *
- The child does not inherit timers from its parent (setitimer(2), alarm(2), timer_create(2)).
- *
- The child does not inherit outstanding asynchronous I/O operations from its parent (aio_read(3), aio_write(3)), nor does it inherit any asynchronous I/O contexts from its parent (see io_setup(2)).
The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in POSIX.1-2001. The parent and child also differ with respect to the following Linux-specific process attributes:
- *
- The child does not inherit directory change notifications (dnotify) from its parent (see the description of F_NOTIFY in fcntl(2)).
- *
- The prctl(2) PR_SET_PDEATHSIG setting is reset so that the child does not receive a signal when its parent terminates.
- *
- The default timer slack value is set to the parent's current timer slack value. See the description of PR_SET_TIMERSLACK in prctl(2).
- *
- Memory mappings that have been marked with the madvise(2) MADV_DONTFORK flag are not inherited across a fork().
- *
- The termination signal of the child is always SIGCHLD (see clone(2)).
- *
- The port access permission bits set by ioperm(2) are not inherited by the child; the child must turn on any bits that it requires using ioperm(2).
Note the following further points:
- *
- The child process is created with a single thread--the one that called fork(). The entire virtual address space of the parent is replicated in the child, including the states of mutexes, condition variables, and other pthreads objects; the use of pthread_atfork(3) may be helpful for dealing with problems that this can cause.
- *
- The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open file descriptors. Each file descriptor in the child refers to the same open file description (see open(2)) as the corresponding file descriptor in the parent. This means that the two descriptors share open file status flags, current file offset, and signal-driven I/O attributes (see the description of F_SETOWN and F_SETSIG in fcntl(2)).
- *
- The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open message queue descriptors (see mq_overview(7)). Each descriptor in the child refers to the same open message queue description as the corresponding descriptor in the parent. This means that the two descriptors share the same flags (mq_flags).
- *
- The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open directory streams (see opendir(3)). POSIX.1-2001 says that the corresponding directory streams in the parent and child may share the directory stream positioning; on Linux/glibc they do not.
Return Value
On success, the PID of the child process is returned in the parent, and 0 is returned in the child. On failure, -1 is returned in the parent, no child process is created, and errno is set appropriately.
Errors
- EAGAIN
- fork() cannot allocate sufficient memory to copy the parent's page tables and allocate a task structure for the child.
- EAGAIN
- It was not possible to create a new process because the caller's RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit was encountered. To exceed this limit, the process must have either the CAP_SYS_ADMIN or the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability.
- ENOMEM
- fork() failed to allocate the necessary kernel structures because memory is tight.
- ENOSYS
- fork() is not supported on this platform (for example, hardware without a Memory-Management Unit).
Conforming to
SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
Notes
Under Linux, fork() is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the only penalty that it incurs is the time and memory required to duplicate the parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure for the child.
Since version 2.3.3, rather than invoking the kernel's fork() system call, the glibc fork() wrapper that is provided as part of the NPTL threading implementation invokes clone(2) with flags that provide the same effect as the traditional system call. (A call to fork() is equivalent to a call to clone(2) specifying flags as just SIGCHLD.) The glibc wrapper invokes any fork handlers that have been established using pthread_atfork(3).
Example
See Also
clone(2), execve(2), exit(2), setrlimit(2), unshare(2), vfork(2), wait(2), daemon(3), capabilities(7),credentials(7)
Referenced By
atexit(3), chdir(2), chroot(2), collectd-exec(5), core(5), cpuset(7), csh(1), dbpmda(1), dc_client(1),dc_ctx_new(2), dkim-filter(8), dkim-filter.conf(5), epic(1), epoll(7), eventfd(2), exec(3), explain(1),explain(3), explain_fork(3), explain_fork_or_die(3), faxq(8), fetchnews(8), fio(1), flock(2),forkpty(3), getitimer(2), getpid(2), getrlimit(2), gettid(2), halockrun(1), hylafax-log(5),ibv_fork_init(3), inn.conf(5), iopl(2), iv_signal(3), ksh93(1), lseek(2), ltrace(1), mmap(2), mount(2),mpadvise(3), nice(2), on_exit(3), opendkim(8), opendkim.conf(5), pam_end(3), perlfunc(1),pipe(7), pmcd(1), popen(3), proc(5), pth(3), pthreads(7), ptrace(2), sched_getaffinity(2),sched_setscheduler(2), sec(1), select_tut(2), sem_init(3), set_mempolicy(2), setns(2), setpgrp(2),setpriority(2), setsid(2), shmat(2), sigaction(2), sigaltstack(2), signal(7), signalfd(2),sigprocmask(2), smartd(8), smartd.conf(5), strace(1), sudo(8), syslogd(8), system(3),timerfd_create(2), umask(2), wait4(2), xargs(1)
pid 22288 通过
cmd_ = 'python {}{}{} {} {} '.format(this_file_abs_path, os.sep, py, dateFrom, dateEnd)
产生 pid 4422
[root@d Polly]# cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.10.0-123.9.3.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.2 20140120 (Red Hat 4.8.2-16) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Nov 6 15:06:03 UTC 2014
[root@d Polly]# tree /proc/22288/
/proc/22288/
├── attr
│ ├── current
│ ├── exec
│ ├── fscreate
│ ├── keycreate
│ ├── prev
│ └── sockcreate
├── autogroup
├── auxv
├── cgroup
├── clear_refs
├── cmdline
├── comm
├── coredump_filter
├── cpuset
├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
├── environ
├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
├── fd
│ ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│ ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
├── fdinfo
│ ├── 0
│ ├── 1
│ └── 2
├── gid_map
├── io
├── limits
├── loginuid
├── maps
├── mem
├── mountinfo
├── mounts
├── mountstats
├── net
│ ├── anycast6
│ ├── arp
│ ├── connector
│ ├── dev
│ ├── dev_mcast
│ ├── dev_snmp6
│ │ ├── eth0
│ │ ├── eth1
│ │ └── lo
│ ├── fib_trie
│ ├── fib_triestat
│ ├── icmp
│ ├── if_inet6
│ ├── igmp
│ ├── igmp6
│ ├── ip6_flowlabel
│ ├── ip6_mr_cache
│ ├── ip6_mr_vif
│ ├── ip_mr_cache
│ ├── ip_mr_vif
│ ├── ip_tables_matches
│ ├── ip_tables_names
│ ├── ip_tables_targets
│ ├── ipv6_route
│ ├── mcfilter
│ ├── mcfilter6
│ ├── netfilter
│ │ └── nf_log
│ ├── netlink
│ ├── netstat
│ ├── packet
│ ├── protocols
│ ├── psched
│ ├── ptype
│ ├── raw
│ ├── raw6
│ ├── route
│ ├── rpc
│ │ ├── auth.unix.gid
│ │ │ ├── channel
│ │ │ ├── content
│ │ │ └── flush
│ │ └── auth.unix.ip
│ │ ├── channel
│ │ ├── content
│ │ └── flush
│ ├── rt6_stats
│ ├── rt_acct
│ ├── rt_cache
│ ├── snmp
│ ├── snmp6
│ ├── sockstat
│ ├── sockstat6
│ ├── softnet_stat
│ ├── stat
│ │ ├── arp_cache
│ │ ├── ndisc_cache
│ │ └── rt_cache
│ ├── tcp
│ ├── tcp6
│ ├── udp
│ ├── udp6
│ ├── udplite
│ ├── udplite6
│ ├── unix
│ ├── wireless
│ └── xfrm_stat
├── ns
│ ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│ ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│ ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│ ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│ └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
├── numa_maps
├── oom_adj
├── oom_score
├── oom_score_adj
├── pagemap
├── personality
├── projid_map
├── root -> /
├── sched
├── sessionid
├── smaps
├── stack
├── stat
├── statm
├── status
├── syscall
├── task
│ └── 22288
│ ├── attr
│ │ ├── current
│ │ ├── exec
│ │ ├── fscreate
│ │ ├── keycreate
│ │ ├── prev
│ │ └── sockcreate
│ ├── auxv
│ ├── cgroup
│ ├── clear_refs
│ ├── cmdline
│ ├── comm
│ ├── cpuset
│ ├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
│ ├── environ
│ ├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
│ ├── fd
│ │ ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│ │ ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ │ └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ ├── fdinfo
│ │ ├── 0
│ │ ├── 1
│ │ └── 2
│ ├── gid_map
│ ├── io
│ ├── limits
│ ├── loginuid
│ ├── maps
│ ├── mem
│ ├── mountinfo
│ ├── mounts
│ ├── ns
│ │ ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│ │ ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│ │ ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│ │ ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│ │ └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
│ ├── numa_maps
│ ├── oom_adj
│ ├── oom_score
│ ├── oom_score_adj
│ ├── pagemap
│ ├── personality
│ ├── projid_map
│ ├── root -> /
│ ├── sched
│ ├── sessionid
│ ├── smaps
│ ├── stack
│ ├── stat
│ ├── statm
│ ├── status
│ ├── syscall
│ ├── uid_map
│ └── wchan
├── uid_map
└── wchan
21 directories, 164 files
[root@d Polly]#
注意 pid -> pid:[4026531836]
[root@d Polly]# tree /proc/4422
/proc/4422
├── attr
│ ├── current
│ ├── exec
│ ├── fscreate
│ ├── keycreate
│ ├── prev
│ └── sockcreate
├── autogroup
├── auxv
├── cgroup
├── clear_refs
├── cmdline
├── comm
├── coredump_filter
├── cpuset
├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
├── environ
├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
├── fd
│ ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│ ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ ├── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ └── 3 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/a/visit-2018-12-12
├── fdinfo
│ ├── 0
│ ├── 1
│ ├── 2
│ └── 3
├── gid_map
├── io
├── limits
├── loginuid
├── maps
├── mem
├── mountinfo
├── mounts
├── mountstats
├── net
│ ├── anycast6
│ ├── arp
│ ├── connector
│ ├── dev
│ ├── dev_mcast
│ ├── dev_snmp6
│ │ ├── eth0
│ │ ├── eth1
│ │ └── lo
│ ├── fib_trie
│ ├── fib_triestat
│ ├── icmp
│ ├── if_inet6
│ ├── igmp
│ ├── igmp6
│ ├── ip6_flowlabel
│ ├── ip6_mr_cache
│ ├── ip6_mr_vif
│ ├── ip_mr_cache
│ ├── ip_mr_vif
│ ├── ip_tables_matches
│ ├── ip_tables_names
│ ├── ip_tables_targets
│ ├── ipv6_route
│ ├── mcfilter
│ ├── mcfilter6
│ ├── netfilter
│ │ └── nf_log
│ ├── netlink
│ ├── netstat
│ ├── packet
│ ├── protocols
│ ├── psched
│ ├── ptype
│ ├── raw
│ ├── raw6
│ ├── route
│ ├── rpc
│ │ ├── auth.unix.gid
│ │ │ ├── channel
│ │ │ ├── content
│ │ │ └── flush
│ │ └── auth.unix.ip
│ │ ├── channel
│ │ ├── content
│ │ └── flush
│ ├── rt6_stats
│ ├── rt_acct
│ ├── rt_cache
│ ├── snmp
│ ├── snmp6
│ ├── sockstat
│ ├── sockstat6
│ ├── softnet_stat
│ ├── stat
│ │ ├── arp_cache
│ │ ├── ndisc_cache
│ │ └── rt_cache
│ ├── tcp
│ ├── tcp6
│ ├── udp
│ ├── udp6
│ ├── udplite
│ ├── udplite6
│ ├── unix
│ ├── wireless
│ └── xfrm_stat
├── ns
│ ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│ ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│ ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│ ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│ └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
├── numa_maps
├── oom_adj
├── oom_score
├── oom_score_adj
├── pagemap
├── personality
├── projid_map
├── root -> /
├── sched
├── sessionid
├── smaps
├── stack
├── stat
├── statm
├── status
├── syscall
├── task
│ └── 4422
│ ├── attr
│ │ ├── current
│ │ ├── exec
│ │ ├── fscreate
│ │ ├── keycreate
│ │ ├── prev
│ │ └── sockcreate
│ ├── auxv
│ ├── cgroup
│ ├── clear_refs
│ ├── cmdline
│ ├── comm
│ ├── cpuset
│ ├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
│ ├── environ
│ ├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
│ ├── fd
│ │ ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│ │ ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ │ ├── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ │ └── 3 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/a/visit-2018-12-12
│ ├── fdinfo
│ │ ├── 0
│ │ ├── 1
│ │ ├── 2
│ │ └── 3
│ ├── gid_map
│ ├── io
│ ├── limits
│ ├── loginuid
│ ├── maps
│ ├── mem
│ ├── mountinfo
│ ├── mounts
│ ├── ns
│ │ ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│ │ ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│ │ ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│ │ ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│ │ └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
│ ├── numa_maps
│ ├── oom_adj
│ ├── oom_score
│ ├── oom_score_adj
│ ├── pagemap
│ ├── personality
│ ├── projid_map
│ ├── root -> /
│ ├── sched
│ ├── sessionid
│ ├── smaps
│ ├── stack
│ ├── stat
│ ├── statm
│ ├── status
│ ├── syscall
│ ├── uid_map
│ └── wchan
├── uid_map
└── wchan
21 directories, 168 files
[root@d Polly]# tree /proc/22288
/proc/22288
├── attr
│ ├── current
│ ├── exec
│ ├── fscreate
│ ├── keycreate
│ ├── prev
│ └── sockcreate
├── autogroup
├── auxv
├── cgroup
├── clear_refs
├── cmdline
├── comm
├── coredump_filter
├── cpuset
├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
├── environ
├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
├── fd
│ ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│ ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
├── fdinfo
│ ├── 0
│ ├── 1
│ └── 2
├── gid_map
├── io
├── limits
├── loginuid
├── maps
├── mem
├── mountinfo
├── mounts
├── mountstats
├── net
│ ├── anycast6
│ ├── arp
│ ├── connector
│ ├── dev
│ ├── dev_mcast
│ ├── dev_snmp6
│ │ ├── eth0
│ │ ├── eth1
│ │ └── lo
│ ├── fib_trie
│ ├── fib_triestat
│ ├── icmp
│ ├── if_inet6
│ ├── igmp
│ ├── igmp6
│ ├── ip6_flowlabel
│ ├── ip6_mr_cache
│ ├── ip6_mr_vif
│ ├── ip_mr_cache
│ ├── ip_mr_vif
│ ├── ip_tables_matches
│ ├── ip_tables_names
│ ├── ip_tables_targets
│ ├── ipv6_route
│ ├── mcfilter
│ ├── mcfilter6
│ ├── netfilter
│ │ └── nf_log
│ ├── netlink
│ ├── netstat
│ ├── packet
│ ├── protocols
│ ├── psched
│ ├── ptype
│ ├── raw
│ ├── raw6
│ ├── route
│ ├── rpc
│ │ ├── auth.unix.gid
│ │ │ ├── channel
│ │ │ ├── content
│ │ │ └── flush
│ │ └── auth.unix.ip
│ │ ├── channel
│ │ ├── content
│ │ └── flush
│ ├── rt6_stats
│ ├── rt_acct
│ ├── rt_cache
│ ├── snmp
│ ├── snmp6
│ ├── sockstat
│ ├── sockstat6
│ ├── softnet_stat
│ ├── stat
│ │ ├── arp_cache
│ │ ├── ndisc_cache
│ │ └── rt_cache
│ ├── tcp
│ ├── tcp6
│ ├── udp
│ ├── udp6
│ ├── udplite
│ ├── udplite6
│ ├── unix
│ ├── wireless
│ └── xfrm_stat
├── ns
│ ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│ ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│ ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│ ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│ └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
├── numa_maps
├── oom_adj
├── oom_score
├── oom_score_adj
├── pagemap
├── personality
├── projid_map
├── root -> /
├── sched
├── sessionid
├── smaps
├── stack
├── stat
├── statm
├── status
├── syscall
├── task
│ └── 22288
│ ├── attr
│ │ ├── current
│ │ ├── exec
│ │ ├── fscreate
│ │ ├── keycreate
│ │ ├── prev
│ │ └── sockcreate
│ ├── auxv
│ ├── cgroup
│ ├── clear_refs
│ ├── cmdline
│ ├── comm
│ ├── cpuset
│ ├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
│ ├── environ
│ ├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
│ ├── fd
│ │ ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│ │ ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ │ └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│ ├── fdinfo
│ │ ├── 0
│ │ ├── 1
│ │ └── 2
│ ├── gid_map
│ ├── io
│ ├── limits
│ ├── loginuid
│ ├── maps
│ ├── mem
│ ├── mountinfo
│ ├── mounts
│ ├── ns
│ │ ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│ │ ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│ │ ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│ │ ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│ │ └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
│ ├── numa_maps
│ ├── oom_adj
│ ├── oom_score
│ ├── oom_score_adj
│ ├── pagemap
│ ├── personality
│ ├── projid_map
│ ├── root -> /
│ ├── sched
│ ├── sessionid
│ ├── smaps
│ ├── stack
│ ├── stat
│ ├── statm
│ ├── status
│ ├── syscall
│ ├── uid_map
│ └── wchan
├── uid_map
└── wchan
21 directories, 164 files
[root@d Polly]#
fork(2) - Linux man page的更多相关文章
- #include <sys/epoll.h> epoll - I/O event notification facility 服务器端 epoll(7) - Linux manual page http://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/epoll.7.html
epoll使用详解(精髓) - Boblim - 博客园 https://www.cnblogs.com/fnlingnzb-learner/p/5835573.html epoll使用详解(精髓) ...
- mkbundle(1) - Linux man page
mkbundle(1) - Linux man page Name mkbundle, mkbundle2 - Creates a bundled executable. Synopsis mkbun ...
- Linux - man page
使用man date来查看date命令的详细信息. lucifer@lucifer-virtual-machine:~$ man date DATE(1) User Commands DATE(1) ...
- 1 多任务fork Unix/Linux/Mac
# 注意,fork函数,只在Unix/Linux/Mac上运行,windows不可以 1.如下程序,来模拟“唱歌跳舞”这件事情 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*- import time de ...
- Linux的page cache使用情况/命中率查看和操控
转载自宋宝华:https://blog.csdn.net/21cnbao/article/details/80458173 这里总结几个Linux文件缓存(page cache)使用情况.命中率查看的 ...
- dhcpd.conf(5) - Linux man page
http://linux.die.net/man/5/dhcpd.conf Name dhcpd.conf - dhcpd configuration file Description The d ...
- linux 排查page的状态问题
最近遇到一个page的释放异常的问题,堆栈如下: [ 1000.691858] BUG: Bad page state in process server.o pfn:309d22 [ mapcoun ...
- 谨慎使用多线程中的fork 学习!!!!
前言 在单核时代,大家所编写的程序都是单进程/单线程程序.随着计算机硬件技术的发展,进入了多核时代后,为了降低响应时间,重复充分利用多核cpu的资源,使用多进程编程的手段逐渐被人们接受和掌握.然而因为 ...
- CS:APP3e 深入理解计算机系统_3e ShellLab(tsh)实验
详细的题目要求和资源可以到 http://csapp.cs.cmu.edu/3e/labs.html 或者 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~./213/schedule.html 获取. ...
随机推荐
- 编译 & 执行 C++ 程序
编译 & 执行 C++ 程序接下来让我们看看如何把源代码保存在一个文件中,以及如何编译并运行它.下面是简单的步骤: 打开一个文本编辑器,添加上述代码.保存文件为 hello.cpp.打开命令提 ...
- MySQL 插入数据时,中文乱码问题的解决
当向 MySQL 数据库插入一条带有中文的数据形如 insert into employee values(null,'张三','female','1995-10-08','2015-11-12',' ...
- R语言低级绘图函数-symbols
严格意义上将symbols 并不能算是一个低级的绘图函数,因为它不仅可以在一幅已经存在的图标上添加元素,还可以创建一张新的图表 鉴于它绘图时的灵活性,我把它归入到低级绘图函数中 symbols 可以创 ...
- 取石子(好学的C++)
巴什博奕(Bash Game)只有一堆n个物品,两个人轮流从这堆物品中取物,规定每次至少取一个,最多取m个.最后取光者得胜. 显然,如果n=m+1,那么由于一次最多只能取m个,所以,无论先取者拿走多少 ...
- js身份证验证类
var IDCard = function () { //---------------------------------------------------------- // 功能:根据身份证号 ...
- 【Java面试题】37 说出ArrayList,Vector, LinkedList的存储性能和特性
ArrayList和Vector都是使用数组方式存储数据,此 数组元素数大于实际存储的数据以便增加和插入元素,它们都允许直接按序号索引元素,但是插入元素要涉及数组元素移动等内存操作,所以索引数据快而插 ...
- Linux /proc/loadavg(平均负载)
from : http://hi.baidu.com/mengyun8/blog/item/bd424531451b98e71a4cffc0.html 一.什么是系统平均负载(Load average ...
- NHibernate初学六之关联多对多关系
1:创建三张表T_Course.T_Student.T_Middle:其中一个学生可以对应多个课程,一个课程也可以对应多个学生,用T_Middle存放它们的关系内容: CREATE TABLE [db ...
- 09python之运算
运算 算数运算: 两个数相除,得到商和余数的数组的内置方法 数据.__divmod__() 场景 数据库共99条数据,每个页面10条数据,需要多少个页面 >>> a = 98 ...
- 设置MySQL的字符编码
前言 这里我已经将MySQL的数据库编码设置为UTF-8,所以下面现实的都是UTF-8. 设置MySQL数据库的编码方式有三种,分别是基于session会话的.基于全局gloable的.永久性改变的. ...