python--爬虫入门（七）urllib库初体验以及中文编码问题的探讨
python系列均基于python3.4环境
---------@_@? --------------------------------------------------------------------
- 提出问题：如何简单抓取一个网页的源码
- 解决方法：利用urllib库，抓取一个网页的源代码
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 代码示例
#python3.4
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://zzk.cnblogs.com/b")
print(response.read())
- 运行结果
b'\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n <meta charset="utf-8"/>\n <title>\xe6\x89\xbe\xe6\x89\xbe\xe7\x9c\x8b - \xe5\x8d\x9a\xe5\xae\xa2\xe5\x9b\xad</title> \n <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/Content/Images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/>\n <meta content="\xe6\x8a\x80\xe6\x9c\xaf\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2,IT\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2,\xe7\xa8\x8b\xe5\xba\x8f\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2,\xe4\xbb\xa3\xe7\xa0\x81\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2,\xe7\xa8\x8b\xe5\xba\x8f\xe5\x91\x98\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe5\xbc\x95\xe6\x93\x8e" name="keywords" />\n <meta content="\xe9\x9d\xa2\xe5\x90\x91\xe7\xa8\x8b\xe5\xba\x8f\xe5\x91\x98\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\x93\xe4\xb8\x9a\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe5\xbc\x95\xe6\x93\x8e\xe3\x80\x82\xe9\x81\x87\xe5\x88\xb0\xe6\x8a\x80\xe6\x9c\xaf\xe9\x97\xae\xe9\xa2\x98\xe6\x80\x8e\xe4\xb9\x88\xe5\x8a\x9e\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\x88\xb0\xe5\x8d\x9a\xe5\xae\xa2\xe5\x9b\xad\xe6\x89\xbe\xe6\x89\xbe\xe7\x9c\x8b..." name="description" />\n <link type="text/css" href="/Content/Style.css" rel="stylesheet" />\n <script src="http://common.cnblogs.com/script/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n <script src="/Scripts/Common.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n <script src="/Scripts/Home.js" type="text/javascript"></script>\n</head>\n<body>\n <div class="top">\n \n <div class="top_tabs">\n <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com">\xc2\xab \xe5\x8d\x9a\xe5\xae\xa2\xe5\x9b\xad\xe9\xa6\x96\xe9\xa1\xb5 </a>\n </div>\n <div id="span_userinfo" class="top_links">\n </div>\n </div>\n <div style="clear: both">\n </div>\n <center>\n <div id="main">\n <div class="logo_index">\n <a href="http://zzk.cnblogs.com">\n <img alt="\xe6\x89\xbe\xe6\x89\xbe\xe7\x9c\x8blogo" src="/images/logo.gif" /></a>\n </div>\n <div class="index_sozone">\n <div class="index_tab">\n <a href="/n" onclick="return channelSwitch('n');">\xe6\x96\xb0\xe9\x97\xbb</a>\n<a class="tab_selected" href="/b" onclick="return channelSwitch('b');">\xe5\x8d\x9a\xe5\xae\xa2</a> <a href="/k" onclick="return channelSwitch('k');">\xe7\x9f\xa5\xe8\xaf\x86\xe5\xba\x93</a>\n <a href="/q" onclick="return channelSwitch('q');">\xe5\x8d\x9a\xe9\x97\xae</a>\n </div>\n <div class="search_block">\n <div class="index_btn">\n <input type="button" class="btn_so_index" onclick="Search();" value=" \xe6\x89\xbe\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b " />\n <span class="help_link"><a target="_blank" href="/help">\xe5\xb8\xae\xe5\x8a\xa9</a></span>\n </div>\n <input type="text" onkeydown="searchEnter(event);" class="input_index" name="w" id="w" />\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class="footer">\n ©2004-2016 <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com">\xe5\x8d\x9a\xe5\xae\xa2\xe5\x9b\xad</a>\n </div>\n </center>\n</body>\n</html>\n'
- 附上python2.7的实现代码：
#python2.7
import urllib2 response = urllib2.urlopen("http://zzk.cnblogs.com/b")
print response.read()
- 可见，python3.4和python2.7的代码存在差异性。
----------@_@？ 问题出现！----------------------------------------------------------------------
- 发现问题：查看上面的运行结果，会发现中文并没有正常显示。
- 解决问题：处理中文编码问题
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 处理源码中的中文问题！！！
- 修改代码，如下：
#python3.4
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://zzk.cnblogs.com/b")
print(response.read().decode('UTF-8'))
- 运行，结果显示：
C:\Python34\python.exe E:/pythone_workspace/mydemo/spider/demo.py <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>找找看 - 博客园</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/Content/Images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/>
<meta content="技术搜索,IT搜索,程序搜索,代码搜索,程序员搜索引擎" name="keywords" />
<meta content="面向程序员的专业搜索引擎。遇到技术问题怎么办，到博客园找找看..." name="description" />
<link type="text/css" href="/Content/Style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="http://common.cnblogs.com/script/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/Scripts/Common.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/Scripts/Home.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="top"> <div class="top_tabs">
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com">« 博客园首页 </a>
</div>
<div id="span_userinfo" class="top_links">
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both">
</div>
<center>
<div id="main">
<div class="logo_index">
<a href="http://zzk.cnblogs.com">
<img alt="找找看logo" src="/images/logo.gif" /></a>
</div>
<div class="index_sozone">
<div class="index_tab">
<a href="/n" onclick="return channelSwitch('n');">新闻</a>
<a class="tab_selected" href="/b" onclick="return channelSwitch('b');">博客</a> <a href="/k" onclick="return channelSwitch('k');">知识库</a>
<a href="/q" onclick="return channelSwitch('q');">博问</a>
</div>
<div class="search_block">
<div class="index_btn">
<input type="button" class="btn_so_index" onclick="Search();" value=" 找一下 " />
<span class="help_link"><a target="_blank" href="/help">帮助</a></span>
</div>
<input type="text" onkeydown="searchEnter(event);" class="input_index" name="w" id="w" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
©2004-2016 <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com">博客园</a>
</div>
</center>
</body>
</html> Process finished with exit code 0
- 结果显示：处理完编码后，网页源码中中文可以正常显示了
-----------@_@! 探讨一个新的中文编码问题 ----------------------------------------------------------
问题：“如果url中出现中文，那么应该如果解决呢？”
例如：url = "http://zzk.cnblogs.com/s?w=python爬虫&t=b"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 接下来，我们来解决url中出现中文的问题！！！
（1）测试1：保留原来的格式，直接访问，不做任何处理
- 代码示例：
#python3.4
import urllib.request url="http://zzk.cnblogs.com/s?w=python爬虫&t=b"
resp = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
print(resp.read().decode('UTF-8'))
- 运行结果：
C:\Python34\python.exe E:/pythone_workspace/mydemo/spider/demo.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "E:/pythone_workspace/mydemo/spider/demo.py", line , in <module>
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in urlopen
return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in open
response = self._open(req, data)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in _open
'_open', req)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in _call_chain
result = func(*args)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in http_open
return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPConnection, req)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in do_open
h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers)
File "C:\Python34\lib\http\client.py", line , in request
self._send_request(method, url, body, headers)
File "C:\Python34\lib\http\client.py", line , in _send_request
self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
File "C:\Python34\lib\http\client.py", line , in putrequest
self._output(request.encode('ascii'))
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 15-16: ordinal not in range(128) Process finished with exit code
果然不行！！！
（2）测试2：中文单独处理
- 代码示例：
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse url = "http://zzk.cnblogs.com/s?w=python"+ urllib.parse.quote("爬虫")+"&t=b"
resp = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
print(resp.read().decode('utf-8'))
- 运行结果：
C:\Python34\python.exe E:/pythone_workspace/mydemo/spider/demo.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>python爬虫-博客园找找看</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/Content/Images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/>
<link href="/Content/so.css?id=20140908" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="/Content/jquery-ui-1.8.21.custom.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<script src="http://common.cnblogs.com/script/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.8.11.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/Scripts/Common.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/Scripts/Search.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="/Scripts/jquery.ui.datepicker-zh-CN.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="top_bar">
<div class="top_tabs">
<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com">« 博客园首页 </a>
</div>
<div id="span_userinfo">
</div>
</div>
<div id="header"> <div id="headerMain">
<a id="logo" href="/"></a>
<div id="searchBox">
<div id="searchRangeList">
<ul>
<li><a href="/s?t=n" onclick="return channelSwitch('n');">新闻</a></li>
<li><a class="tab_selected" href="/s?t=b" onclick="return channelSwitch('b');">博客</a></li> <li><a href="/s?t=k" onclick="return channelSwitch('k');">知识库</a></li>
<li><a href="/s?t=q" onclick="return channelSwitch('q');">博问</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!--end: searchRangeList -->
<div class="seachInput">
<input type="text" onchange="ShowtFilter(this, false);" onkeypress="return searchEnter(event);"
value="python爬虫" name="w" id="w" maxlength="" title="博客园 找找看" class="txtSeach" />
<input type="button" value="找一下" class="btnSearch" onclick="Search();" />
<span class="help_link"><a target="_blank" href="/help">帮助</a></span>
<br />
</div>
<!--end: seachInput -->
</div>
<!--end: searchBox --> </div> <div style="clear: both">
</div>
<!--end: headerMain -->
<div id="searchInfo">
<span style="float: left; margin-left: 15px;"></span>博客园找找看，找到相关内容<b id="CountOfResults"></b>篇，用时132毫秒
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<!--end: searchInfo -->
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<div style="clear: both">
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<div class="searchItemInfo">
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</html> Process finished with exit code
运行结果
- 结果显示：对url中的中文进行单独处理，url对应内容可以正常抓取了
------@_@! 又有一个新的问题-----------------------------------------------------------
- 问题：如果把url的中英文一起进行处理呢？还能成功抓取吗？
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
（3）于是，测试3出现了！测试3：url中，中英文一起进行处理
- 代码示例：
#python3.4
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse url = urllib.parse.quote("http://zzk.cnblogs.com/s?w=python爬虫&t=b")
resp = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
print(resp.read().decode('utf-8'))
- 运行结果：
C:\Python34\python.exe E:/pythone_workspace/mydemo/spider/demo.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "E:/pythone_workspace/mydemo/spider/demo.py", line , in <module>
resp = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in urlopen
return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in open
req = Request(fullurl, data)
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in __init__
self.full_url = url
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in full_url
self._parse()
File "C:\Python34\lib\urllib\request.py", line , in _parse
raise ValueError("unknown url type: %r" % self.full_url)
ValueError: unknown url type: 'http%3A//zzk.cnblogs.com/s%3Fw%3Dpython%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB%26t%3Db' Process finished with exit code
- 结果显示：ValueError！无法成功抓取网页！
- 结合测试1、2、3，可得到下面结果：
（1）在python3.4中，如果url中包含中文，可以用 urllib.parse.quote("爬虫") 进行处理。
（2）url中的中文需要单独处理，不能中英文一起处理。
- Tips：如果想了解一个函数的参数传值
#python3.4
import urllib.request
help(urllib.request.urlopen)
- 运行上面代码，控制台输出
C:\Python34\python.exe E:/pythone_workspace/mydemo/spider/demo.py
Help on function urlopen in module urllib.request: urlopen(url, data=None, timeout=<object object at 0x00A50490>, *, cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None) Process finished with exit code
@_@)Y，这篇的分享就到此结束~待续~
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