题目链接

Problem Description

The center coordinate of the circle C is O, the coordinate of O is (0,0) , and the radius is r.

P and Q are two points not outside the circle, and PO = QO.

You need to find a point D on the circle, which makes PD+QD minimum.

Output minimum distance sum.

Input

The first line of the input gives the number of test cases T; T test cases follow.

Each case begins with one line with r : the radius of the circle C.

Next two line each line contains two integers x , y denotes the coordinate of P and Q.

Limits

T≤500000

−100≤x,y≤100

1≤r≤100

Output

For each case output one line denotes the answer.

The answer will be checked correct if its absolute or relative error doesn't exceed 10−6.

Formally, let your answer be a, and the jury's answer be b. Your answer is considered correct if |a−b|max(1,b)≤10−6.

Sample Input

4

4

4 0

0 4

4

0 3

3 0

4

0 2

2 0

4

0 1

1 0

Sample Output

5.6568543

5.6568543

5.8945030

6.7359174

题意:

给定一个圆心在坐标原点的圆以及该圆的半径,然后给出两个到该圆的圆心等长的非圆外点(点既可以在圆内,也可以在圆上),让从圆上找一点使其到两点的距离最短。

分析:

首先我们考虑两种最特殊的情况:

1.两个点共位置,这种情况也是完全满足题上给出的条件的,这样的话最短距离就是圆半径减去圆心到改点的距离,因为要看做两个点所以还得乘以2.

2.两个点在圆上,这样的话最短距离就是两点之间的距离。

考虑完这两种特殊的情况之后我么看一下一般的情况。

首先介绍一下反演点的定义:

如果圆内有一点P,过圆心做一条与P的连线,将这条线延长,使得在圆外的这条线上有一点P',与P关于该圆对称。

我们即可得出结论OP×OP'=r×r(r为该圆的半径)

然后我们就可以将求DP+DQ转换为求DP' +DQ',

现在的问题在于何种情况下这个点都是在中垂线上的这个点吗?

答案当然不是,我们通过连接两个反演点就可以发现,两个反演点的连线有可能与圆相交,相切的时候可以很简单的确定切点即为所求的点,相离也是如此,问题是相交的时候这个点应该如何确定呢?

相交的时候P、Q、P'、Q'可以构成一个等腰梯形,梯形与圆有一条腰的平分线,这条平分线就是我们要找的最短的距离,当然梯形与圆的交点不是我们要找的点,我们只是通过等量的转换将它转换过来而已。

后面在求DP'的长度的时候,应用到一些有关椭圆的知识,P’Q'就是椭圆的长轴,D到椭圆中心的连线即为短半轴,这样的话DP’即为c,可以简单的求得,最终求出答案。

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
const double esp=0.000000005;
double dis(double x1,double y1,double x2,double y2)
{
return sqrt((x1-x2)*(x1-x2)+(y1-y2)*(y1-y2));
}
int main()
{
int T;
scanf("%d",&T);
while(T--)
{
double r,x[2],y[2];
scanf("%lf%lf%lf%lf%lf",&r,&x[0],&y[0],&x[1],&y[1]);
double op=dis(0.0,0.0,x[0],y[0]);
if(x[0]==x[1]&&y[0]==y[1])
{
printf("%.7lf\n",2.0*(r-op));
continue;
}
if(op==r)
{
printf("%.7lf\n",dis(x[0],y[0],x[1],y[1]));
continue;
}
double o=acos((x[0]*x[1]+y[0]*y[1])/op/op)/2.0;///op与od的夹角
double d=r*r/op;///d表示的是圆心到反演点的距离
double h=d*cos(o);/// 两反演点构成的直线的距离
if(h<=r)
{
printf("%.7lf\n",2.0*r*sin(o));
continue;
}
double b=h-r,a=d*sin(o);
printf("%.7lf\n",op*sqrt(a*a+b*b)*2.0/r);
}
return 0;
}

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