自制Linux操作系统

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　作者：尹正杰

版权声明：原创作品，谢绝转载！否则将追究法律责任。

一.添加一块新的磁盘设备

1>.将虚拟机关机，点击"编辑虚拟机设置"

2>.点击"添加"按钮

3>.选择添加虚拟硬件的类型为"硬盘"并点击下一步

4>.点击下一步

5>.点击下一步

6>.点击"将虚拟磁盘存储为单个文件"并点击下一步

7>.自定义新硬盘的名称

8>.点击保存按钮

9>.启动虚拟机

二.分区并创建文件系统

1>.查看硬盘资源

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# lsblk

NAME                          MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0                            :       .7G   rom

sda                             :       500G   disk

├─sda1                          :       500M   part /boot

└─sda2                          :     .5G   part

  ├─vg_node200-lv_root (dm-) :        50G   lvm  /

  ├─vg_node200-lv_swap (dm-) :       .9G   lvm  [SWAP]

  └─vg_node200-lv_home (dm-) :     .7G   lvm  /home

sdb                             :       20G   disk

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.使用fdisk命令对sdb硬盘进行分区操作

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# lsblk

NAME                          MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0                            :       .7G   rom

sda                             :       500G   disk

├─sda1                          :       500M   part /boot

└─sda2                          :     .5G   part

  ├─vg_node200-lv_root (dm-) :        50G   lvm  /

  ├─vg_node200-lv_swap (dm-) :       .9G   lvm  [SWAP]

  └─vg_node200-lv_home (dm-) :     .7G   lvm  /home

sdb                             :       20G   disk

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel

Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xbebd0e26.

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.

After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table  will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n

Command action

   e   extended

   p   primary partition (-)

p

Partition number (-):

First cylinder (-, default ):

Using default value

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (-, default ): +1G

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB,  bytes

 heads,  sectors/track,  cylinders

Units = cylinders of  *  =  bytes

Sector size (logical/physical):  bytes /  bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal):  bytes /  bytes

Disk identifier: 0xbebd0e26

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1                             +    Linux

Command (m for help): n

Command action

   e   extended

   p   primary partition (-)

p

Partition number (-):

First cylinder (-, default ):

Using default value

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (-, default ): +10G

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB,  bytes

 heads,  sectors/track,  cylinders

Units = cylinders of  *  =  bytes

Sector size (logical/physical):  bytes /  bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal):  bytes /  bytes

Disk identifier: 0xbebd0e26

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1                             +    Linux

/dev/sdb2                              Linux

Command (m for help): n

Command action

   e   extended

   p   primary partition (-)

p

Partition number (-):

First cylinder (-, default ):

Using default value

Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (-, default ): +2G

Command (m for help): t

Partition number (-):

Hex code (type L to list codes):

Changed system type of partition  to  (Linux swap / Solaris)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB,  bytes

 heads,  sectors/track,  cylinders

Units = cylinders of  *  =  bytes

Sector size (logical/physical):  bytes /  bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal):  bytes /  bytes

Disk identifier: 0xbebd0e26

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/sdb1                             +    Linux

/dev/sdb2                              Linux

/dev/sdb3                              Linux swap / Solaris

Command (m for help): w

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

Syncing disks.

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# lsblk

NAME                          MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0                            :       .7G   rom

sda                             :       500G   disk

├─sda1                          :       500M   part /boot

└─sda2                          :     .5G   part

  ├─vg_node200-lv_root (dm-) :        50G   lvm  /

  ├─vg_node200-lv_swap (dm-) :       .9G   lvm  [SWAP]

  └─vg_node200-lv_home (dm-) :     .7G   lvm  /home

sdb                             :       20G   disk

├─sdb1                          :        1G   part

├─sdb2                          :       10G   part

└─sdb3                          :        2G   part

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb

3>.对分区的磁盘进行格式化操作

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# lsblk

NAME                          MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sr0                            :       .7G   rom

sda                             :       500G   disk

├─sda1                          :       500M   part /boot

└─sda2                          :     .5G   part

  ├─vg_node200-lv_root (dm-) :        50G   lvm  /

  ├─vg_node200-lv_swap (dm-) :       .9G   lvm  [SWAP]

  └─vg_node200-lv_home (dm-) :     .7G   lvm  /home

sdb                             :       20G   disk

├─sdb1                          :        1G   part

├─sdb2                          :       10G   part

└─sdb3                          :        2G   part

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

mke2fs 1.41. (-May-)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size= (log=)

Fragment size= (log=)

Stride= blocks, Stripe width= blocks

 inodes,  blocks

 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=

Maximum filesystem blocks=

 block groups

 blocks per group,  fragments per group

 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

    , , , 

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal ( blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every  mounts or

 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2

mke2fs 1.41. (-May-)

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size= (log=)

Fragment size= (log=)

Stride= blocks, Stripe width= blocks

 inodes,  blocks

 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=

Maximum filesystem blocks=

 block groups

 blocks per group,  fragments per group

 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

    , , , , , , , 

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal ( blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every  mounts or

 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb3

Setting up swapspace version , size =  KiB

no label, UUID=7cfded20-b58a---23c4842c7dca

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb3

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# blkid

/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_root: UUID="fb2cc473-bcf1-4e0d-9fff-71f7aa018cc6" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sda1: UUID="6148dc57-76a2-4214-b4d5-5af9c5b40576" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sda2: UUID="MS8oog-4gRp-iB4D-bpwh-G9R0-BQ2R-U2wseb" TYPE="LVM2_member"

/dev/sdb1: UUID="fa9f112f-de3c-49e0-a14f-f33213047bb2" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb2: UUID="6c60d0e6-5cca-443a-8123-c163f3523ce0" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sdb3: UUID="7cfded20-b58a-4131-9055-23c4842c7dca" TYPE="swap"

/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_swap: UUID="a0fd4399-0a45-48ac-817a-3b6c830f63b4" TYPE="swap"

/dev/mapper/vg_node200-lv_home: UUID="12c57023-efb5-4f61-8c90-c672a3a24dcc" TYPE="ext4"

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

 

三.挂载boot

1>.创建挂载点(注意， 子目录必须为boot哟~)

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /mylinux/boot -pv　　　　　　　　

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/boot'

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.将规划的boot分区挂载到咱们创建的挂载点上

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mylinux/boot/

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /mylinux/boot/

total

drwx------  root root  Dec   : lost+found

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#  

3>.安装grub

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /mylinux/boot/

total

drwx------  root root  Dec   : lost+found

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# grub-install --root-directory=/mylinux/ /dev/sdb

Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.

Installation finished. No error reported.

This is the contents of the device map /mylinux//boot/grub/device.map.

Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,

fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.

(fd0)    /dev/fd0

(hd0)    /dev/sda

(hd1)    /dev/sdb

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /mylinux/boot/

total

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : grub

drwx------  root root  Dec   : lost+found

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ls /mylinux/boot/grub/

device.map     fat_stage1_5  iso9660_stage1_5  minix_stage1_5     stage1  ufs2_stage1_5    xfs_stage1_5

e2fs_stage1_5  ffs_stage1_5  jfs_stage1_5      reiserfs_stage1_5  stage2  vstafs_stage1_5

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

4>.恢复内核和initramfs文件(即安装内核文件，我这里直接从系统拷贝就懒得挂载光盘安装啦)

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.-.el6.x86_64 /mylinux/boot/vmlinuz

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cp /boot/initramfs-2.6.-.el6.x86_64.img /mylinux/boot/initramfs.img

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /mylinux/boot/

total

drwxr-xr-x  root root      Dec   : grub

-rw-------  root root  Dec   : initramfs.img

drwx------  root root     Dec   : lost+found

-rwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : vmlinuz

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# vim /mylinux/boot/grub/grub.conf

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat /mylinux/boot/grub/grub.conf　　　　　　#自定义grub.conf配置文件

default=

timeout=

title mylinux

kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 selinux= init=/bin/bash

initrd /initramfs.img

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

四.复制bash,常用命令和相关库文件

1>.创建一级目录

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir /mylinux/sysroot

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mylinux/sysroot/

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# mkdir -pv /mylinux/sysroot/{etc,lib,lib64,bin,sbin,tmp,var,usr,sys,proc,opt,home,root,boot,dev,mnt,media}

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/etc'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/lib'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/lib64'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/bin'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/sbin'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/tmp'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/var'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/usr'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/sys'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/proc'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/opt'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/home'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/root'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/boot'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/dev'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/mnt'

mkdir: created directory `/mylinux/sysroot/media'

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# ll /mylinux/sysroot/

total

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : bin

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : boot

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : dev

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : etc

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : home

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : lib

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : lib64

drwx------  root root  Dec   : lost+found

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : media

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : mnt

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : opt

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : proc

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : root

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : sbin

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : sys

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : tmp

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : usr

drwxr-xr-x  root root   Dec   : var

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

2>.复制bash,常用命令和相关库文件

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat copycmd.sh

#!/bin/bash

#********************************************************************

#Author:              yinzhengjie

#QQ:

#Date:                --

#FileName：           copycmd

#URL:                 http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie

#Description：        Copy command and script of dependent Library

#Copyright notice:    original works, no reprint! Otherwise, legal liability will be investigated.

#********************************************************************

read -t  -p "Plesea input sysroot:>>> " ch_root

[ ! -d $ch_root ] && mkdir $ch_root

bincopy() {

    if which $ &>/dev/null; then

        local cmd_path=`which --skip-alias $`

        local bin_dir=`dirname $cmd_path`

        [ -d ${ch_root}${bin_dir} ] || mkdir -p ${ch_root}${bin_dir}

        [ -f ${ch_root}${cmd_path} ] || cp $cmd_path ${ch_root}${bin_dir}

        return

    else

        echo "Command not found."

        return

    fi

}

libcopy() {

    local lib_list=$(ldd `which --skip-alias $` | grep -Eo '/[^[:space:]]+')

    for loop in $lib_list;do

        local lib_dir=`dirname $loop`

        [ -d ${ch_root}${lib_dir} ] || mkdir -p  ${ch_root}${lib_dir}

        [ -f ${ch_root}${loop} ] || cp $loop ${ch_root}${lib_dir}

    done

}

read -p "Please input a command: " command

while [ "$command" != "quit" ];do

    if bincopy $command ;then

        libcopy $command

    fi

    read -p "Please input a command or quit: " command

done

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cat copycmd.sh

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# bash copycmd.sh

Plesea input sysroot:>>> /mylinux/sysroot

Please input a command: bash

Please input a command or quit: modprobe

Please input a command or quit: ifconfig

Please input a command or quit: ls

Please input a command or quit: mount

Please input a command or quit: ping

Please input a command or quit: cat

Please input a command or quit: vim

Please input a command or quit: blkid

Please input a command or quit: cp

Please input a command or quit: mv

Please input a command or quit: df

Please input a command or quit: insmod

Please input a command or quit: quit

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# locate e1000

/lib/modules/2.6.-.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000

/lib/modules/2.6.-.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000e

/lib/modules/2.6.-.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000/e1000.ko

/lib/modules/2.6.-.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000e/e1000e.ko

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# cp /lib/modules/2.6.-.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000/e1000.ko /mylinux/sysroot/lib　　　　　　#拷贝网卡驱动

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# 
[root@yinzhengjie ~]# tree /mylinux/sysroot/

/mylinux/sysroot/

├── bin

│   ├── bash

│   ├── cat

│   ├── cp

│   ├── df

│   ├── ls

│   ├── mount

│   ├── mv

│   └── ping

├── boot

├── dev

├── etc

├── home

├── lib

│   └── e1000.ko

├── lib64

│   ├── ld-linux-x86-.so.

│   ├── libacl.so.

│   ├── libattr.so.

│   ├── libblkid.so.

│   ├── libcap.so.

│   ├── libcrypt.so.

│   ├── libc.so.

│   ├── libdl.so.

│   ├── libfreebl3.so

│   ├── libidn.so.

│   ├── libm.so.

│   ├── libnsl.so.

│   ├── libpthread.so.

│   ├── libresolv.so.

│   ├── librt.so.

│   ├── libselinux.so.

│   ├── libsepol.so.

│   ├── libtinfo.so.

│   ├── libutil.so.

│   └── libuuid.so.

├── lost+found

├── media

├── mnt

├── opt

├── proc

├── root

├── sbin

│   ├── blkid

│   ├── ifconfig

│   ├── insmod

│   └── modprobe

├── sys

├── tmp

├── usr

│   ├── bin

│   │   └── vim

│   └── lib64

│       ├── libgpm.so.

│       └── perl5

│           └── CORE

│               └── libperl.so

└── var

 directories,  files

[root@yinzhengjie ~]#

[root@yinzhengjie ~]# tree /mylinux/sysroot/

 

五.将硬盘放在另外一台虚拟机中使用

1>.将我们制作好的虚拟机硬盘拷贝出来

2>.在新的虚拟机中删除其自带的硬盘并添加一块新硬盘，选择"使用现有虚拟磁盘"并点击"下一步"

3>.点击完成后，启动操作系统

4>.启动虚拟机，发现这个菜单是咱们自定义的

5>.按一下回车键盘就会进入到一个bash中

6>.安装网卡驱动

7>自制的Linux操作系统总结

　　其实本篇博客案例的所制作的linux系统压根就不能在生产环境中使用，即使使用也是测试环境，这个这是告诉大家一个如何制作Linux的方案而已。

　　有了上面的操作基础我们大致明白了制作操作系统的方法和步骤，根据根据咱们的需求来定制化咱们需要的软件环境。一般情况下官方发布的标准版已经够咱们自己使用了。

　　博主推荐阅读:

　　　　http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/download.html

　　　　http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/stable/LFS-BOOK-9.0.pdf

 

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