Netty入门(1) - 简介

什么是Netty？

Netty 是一个利用 Java 的高级网络的能力，隐藏其背后的复杂性而提供一个易于使用的 API 的客户端/服务器框架。

Tomcat和Netty有什么区别？

Netty和Tomcat最大的区别就在于通信协议，Tomcat是基于Http协议的，他的实质是一个基于http协议的web容器，但是Netty不一样，他能通过编程自定义各种协议，因为netty能够通过codec自己来编码/解码字节流，完成类似redis访问的功能，这就是netty和tomcat最大的不同。

Netty有什么优点？

并发高

传输快

Java的内存有堆内存、栈内存和字符串常量池等等，其中堆内存是占用内存空间最大的一块，也是Java对象存放的地方，一般我们的数据如果需要从IO读取到堆内存，中间需要经过Socket缓冲区，也就是说一个数据会被拷贝两次才能到达他的的终点，如果数据量大，就会造成不必要的资源浪费。Netty针对这种情况，使用了NIO中的另一大特性——零拷贝，当他需要接收数据的时候，他会在堆内存之外开辟一块内存，数据就直接从IO读到了那块内存中去，在netty里面通过ByteBuf可以直接对这些数据进行直接操作，从而加快了传输速度。

public class NettyNioServer {

    public void server(int port) throws Exception {
        final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.unreleasableBuffer(
                Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Hi!\r\n", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();       

            b.group(group)
             .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
             .localAddress(new InetSocketAddress(port))
             .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                 @Override
                 public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch)
                     throws Exception {
                     ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
                         @Override
                         public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                             ctx.writeAndFlush(buf.duplicate()).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
                         }
                     });
                 }
             });
            ChannelFuture f = b.bind().sync();
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            group.shutdownGracefully().sync();
        }
    }
}

相关概念

Channel，表示一个连接，可以理解为每一个请求，就是一个Channel。

ChannelHandler，核心处理业务就在这里，用于处理业务请求。

ChannelHandlerContext，用于传输业务数据。

ChannelPipeline，用于保存处理过程需要用到的ChannelHandler和ChannelHandlerContext。

ByteBuf，是一个存储字节的容器，最大特点就是使用方便，它既有自己的读索引和写索引，方便你对整段字节缓存进行读写，也支持get/set，方便你对其中每一个字节进行读写，他的数据结构如下图所示：

Heap Buffer 堆缓冲区
　　堆缓冲区是ByteBuf最常用的模式，他将数据存储在堆空间。

Direct Buffer 直接缓冲区
　　直接缓冲区是ByteBuf的另外一种常用模式，他的内存分配都不发生在堆，jdk1.4引入的nio的ByteBuffer类允许jvm通过本地方法调用分配内存，这样做有两个好处

　　通过免去中间交换的内存拷贝, 提升IO处理速度; 直接缓冲区的内容可以驻留在垃圾回收扫描的堆区以外。

　　DirectBuffer 在 -XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=xxM大小限制下, 使用 Heap 之外的内存, GC对此”无能为力”,也就意味着规避了在高负载下频繁的GC过程对应用线程的中断影响.

Composite Buffer 复合缓冲区
　　复合缓冲区相当于多个不同ByteBuf的视图，这是netty提供的，jdk不提供这样的功能。

Codec，Netty中的编码/解码器，通过他你能完成字节与pojo、pojo与pojo的相互转换，从而达到自定义协议的目的。在Netty里面最有名的就是HttpRequestDecoder和HttpResponseEncoder了。

下面用一个简单的例子来入门：

核心业务开发：

package io.netty.example.discard;

import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;

import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;

/**
 * Handles a server-side channel.
 */
public class DiscardServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter { // (1)

    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) { // (2)
        // Discard the received data silently.
        ((ByteBuf) msg).release(); // (3)
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) { // (4)
        // Close the connection when an exception is raised.
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

注意，Bytebuf是一个引用计数的对象，使用完后需要finally块手动释放，如：

ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);

或者

((ByteBuf) msg).release();

启动Server：

package io.netty.example.discard;

import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;

import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;

/**
 * Discards any incoming data.
 */
public class DiscardServer {

    private int port;

    public DiscardServer(int port) {
        this.port = port;
    }

    public void run() throws Exception {
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); // (1)
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap(); // (2)
            b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
             .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class) // (3)
             .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() { // (4)
                 @Override
                 public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                     ch.pipeline().addLast(new DiscardServerHandler());
                 }
             })
             .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 128)          // (5)
             .childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true); // (6)

            // Bind and start to accept incoming connections.
            ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync(); // (7)

            // Wait until the server socket is closed.
            // In this example, this does not happen, but you can do that to gracefully
            // shut down your server.
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        int port;
        if (args.length > 0) {
            port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
        } else {
            port = 8080;
        }
        new DiscardServer(port).run();
    }
}

option() is for the NioServerSocketChannel that accepts incoming connections.

childOption() is for the Channels accepted by the parent ServerChannel, which is NioServerSocketChannel in this case.

我们来打印一下内容：

public class BussinessHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
        super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
        try {
            ByteBuf in = (ByteBuf) msg;
            System.out.println(in.toString(CharsetUtil.US_ASCII));
        } finally {
            ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
        }
        ((ByteBuf) msg).release();  // ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
        super.exceptionCaught(ctx, cause);
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

回应消息：

    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
        ctx.write(msg); // (1)
        ctx.flush(); // (2)
　　　　　// ctx.writeAndFlush(msg);
    }

package io.netty.example.time;

public class TimeServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    @Override
    public void channelActive(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx) { // (1)
        final ByteBuf time = ctx.alloc().buffer(4); // (2)
        time.writeInt((int) (System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000L + 2208988800L));

        final ChannelFuture f = ctx.writeAndFlush(time); // (3)
        f.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
            @Override
            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) {
                assert f == future;
                ctx.close(); // it returns a ChannelFuture.
            }
        }); // (4)
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

写一个客户端：

public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
        ByteBuf m = (ByteBuf) msg; // (1)
        try {
            long currentTimeMillis = (m.readUnsignedInt() - 2208988800L) * 1000L;
            System.out.println(new Date(currentTimeMillis));
            ctx.close();
        } finally {
            m.release();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

public class TimeClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        String host = args[0];
        int port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try {
            Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap(); // (1)
            b.group(workerGroup); // (2)
            b.channel(NioSocketChannel.class); // (3)
            b.option(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true); // (4)
            b.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                @Override
                public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                    ch.pipeline().addLast(new TimeClientHandler());
                }
            });

            // Start the client.
            ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync(); // (5)

            // Wait until the connection is closed.
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

关于拆包和黏包的解决：

public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
    private ByteBuf buf;

    @Override
    public void handlerAdded(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
        buf = ctx.alloc().buffer(4); // (1)
    }

    @Override
    public void handlerRemoved(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
        buf.release(); // (1)
        buf = null;
    }

    @Override
    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
        ByteBuf m = (ByteBuf) msg;
        buf.writeBytes(m); // (2)
        m.release();

        if (buf.readableBytes() >= 4) { // (3)
            long currentTimeMillis = (buf.readUnsignedInt() - 2208988800L) * 1000L;
            System.out.println(new Date(currentTimeMillis));
            ctx.close();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
        cause.printStackTrace();
        ctx.close();
    }
}

package io.netty.example.time;

public class TimeDecoder extends ByteToMessageDecoder { // (1)
    @Override
    protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) { // (2)
        if (in.readableBytes() < 4) {
            return; // (3)
        }

        out.add(in.readBytes(4)); // (4)
    }
}

public class TimeDecoder extends ReplayingDecoder<Void> {
    @Override
    protected void decode(
            ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) {
        out.add(in.readBytes(4));
    }
}

传输POJO对象：

定义对象

public class UnixTime {

    private final long value;

    public UnixTime() {
        this(System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000L + 2208988800L);
    }

    public UnixTime(long value) {
        this.value = value;
    }

    public long value() {
        return value;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return new Date((value() - 2208988800L) * 1000L).toString();
    }
}

client定义decoder：

@Override
protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List<Object> out) {
    if (in.readableBytes() < 4) {
        return;
    }
    out.add(new UnixTime(in.readUnsignedInt()));
}

client定义handler：

@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
    UnixTime m = (UnixTime) msg;
    System.out.println(m);
    ctx.close();
}

server定义handler：

@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
    ChannelFuture f = ctx.writeAndFlush(new UnixTime());
    f.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}

server定义encoder：

public class TimeEncoder extends MessageToByteEncoder<UnixTime> {
    @Override
    protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, UnixTime msg, ByteBuf out) {
        out.writeInt((int)msg.value());
    }
}

停止应用：

    EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); // (1)
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap(); // (2)
            b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
             .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class) // (3)
             .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() { // (4)
                 @Override
                 public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                     ch.pipeline().addLast(new DiscardServerHandler());
                 }
             })
             .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 128)          // (5)
             .childOption(ChannelOption.SO_KEEPALIVE, true); // (6)

            // Bind and start to accept incoming connections.
            ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync(); // (7)

            // Wait until the server socket is closed.
            // In this example, this does not happen, but you can do that to gracefully
            // shut down your server.
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
　　　　　　　// 异步的，返回future
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }