多媒体封装格式详解---MP4
http://blog.csdn.net/pirateleo/article/details/7061452
一、基本概念
1、 文件,由许多Box和FullBox组成。
2、 Box,每个Box由Header和Data组成。
3、 FullBox,是Box的扩展,Box结构的基础上在Header中增加8bits version和24bits flags。
4、 Header,包含了整个Box的长度size和类型type。当size==0时,代表这是文件中最后一个Box;当size==1时,意 味着Box长度需要更多bits来描述,在后面会定义一个64bits的largesize描述Box的长度;当type是uuid时,代表Box中的数 据是用户自定义扩展类型。
5、 Data,是Box的实际数据,可以是纯数据也可以是更多的子Boxes。
6、 当一个Box的Data中是一系列子Box时,这个Box又可成为Container Box。
结构如下图:

文件基本结构描述图
1、 ftypbox,在文件的开始位置,描述的文件的版本、兼容协议等;
2、 moovbox,这个box中不包含具体媒体数据,但包含本文件中所有媒体数据的宏观描述信息,moov box下有mvhd和trak box。
>>mvhd中记录了创建时间、修改时间、时间度量标尺、可播放时长等信息。
>>trak中的一系列子box描述了每个媒体轨道的具体信息。
3、 moofbox,这个box是视频分片的描述信息。并不是MP4文件必须的部分,但在我们常见的可在线播放的MP4格式文件中(例如Silverlight Smooth Streaming中的ismv文件)确是重中之重。
4、 mdatbox,实际媒体数据。我们最终解码播放的数据都在这里面。
5、 mfrabox,一般在文件末尾,媒体的索引文件,可通过查询直接定位所需时间点的媒体数据。
附:Smooth Streaming中ismv文件结构,文件分为了多个Fragments,每个Fragment中包含moof和mdat。这样的结构符合渐进式播放需求。(mdat及其描述信息逐步传输,收齐一个Fragment便可播放其中的mdat)。
/* Set other implicit flags immediately */
if (mov->mode == MODE_ISM)
mov->flags |= FF_MOV_FLAG_EMPTY_MOOV | FF_MOV_FLAG_SEPARATE_MOOF |
FF_MOV_FLAG_FRAGMENT;
static int mov_read_ftyp(MOVContext *c, AVIOContext *pb, MOVAtom atom)
{
uint32_t minor_ver;
int comp_brand_size;
char minor_ver_str[11]; /* 32 bit integer -> 10 digits + null */
char* comp_brands_str;
uint8_t type[5] = {0};
avio_read(pb, type, 4);
if (strcmp(type, "qt "))
c->isom = 1;
av_log(c->fc, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "ISO: File Type Major Brand: %.4s\n",(char *)&type);
av_dict_set(&c->fc->metadata, "major_brand", type, 0);
minor_ver = avio_rb32(pb); /* minor version */
snprintf(minor_ver_str, sizeof(minor_ver_str), "%"PRIu32"", minor_ver);
av_dict_set(&c->fc->metadata, "minor_version", minor_ver_str, 0);
comp_brand_size = atom.size - 8;
if (comp_brand_size < 0)
return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
comp_brands_str = av_malloc(comp_brand_size + 1); /* Add null terminator */
if (!comp_brands_str)
return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
avio_read(pb, comp_brands_str, comp_brand_size);
comp_brands_str[comp_brand_size] = 0;
av_dict_set(&c->fc->metadata, "compatible_brands", comp_brands_str, 0);
av_freep(&comp_brands_str);
return 0;
}
二、MP4文件格式(ISO-14496-12/14)
MP4文件概述
MP4文件就是由各式各样的Box组成的,下表中列出了所有必选或可选的Box类型,√代表Box必选。

具体列表:
|
ftyp |
√ |
file type and compatibility |
|||||
|
pdin |
progressive download information |
||||||
|
moov |
√ |
container for all the metadata |
|||||
|
mvhd |
√ |
movie header, overall declarations |
|||||
|
trak |
√ |
container for an individual track or stream |
|||||
|
tkhd |
√ |
track header, overall information about the track |
|||||
|
tref |
track reference container |
||||||
|
edts |
edit list container |
||||||
|
elst |
an edit list |
||||||
|
mdia |
√ |
container for the media information in a track |
|||||
|
mdhd |
√ |
media header, overall information about the media |
|||||
|
hdlr |
√ |
handler, declares the media (handler) type |
|||||
|
minf |
√ |
media information container |
|||||
|
vmhd |
video media header, overall information (video track only) |
||||||
|
smhd |
sound media header, overall information (sound track only) |
||||||
|
hmhd |
hint media header, overall information (hint track only) |
||||||
|
nmhd |
Null media header, overall information (some tracks only) |
||||||
|
dinf |
√ |
data information box, container |
|||||
|
dref |
√ |
data reference box, declares source(s) of media data in track |
|||||
|
stbl |
√ |
sample table box, container for the time/space map |
|||||
|
stsd |
√ |
sample descriptions (codec types, initialization etc.) |
|||||
|
stts |
√ |
(decoding) time-to-sample |
|||||
|
ctts |
(composition) time to sample |
||||||
|
stsc |
√ |
sample-to-chunk, partial data-offset information |
|||||
|
stsz |
sample sizes (framing) |
||||||
|
stz2 |
compact sample sizes (framing) |
||||||
|
stco |
√ |
chunk offset, partial data-offset information |
|||||
|
co64 |
64-bit chunk offset |
||||||
|
stss |
sync sample table (random access points) |
||||||
|
stsh |
shadow sync sample table |
||||||
|
padb |
sample padding bits |
||||||
|
stdp |
sample degradation priority |
||||||
|
sdtp |
independent and disposable samples |
||||||
|
sbgp |
sample-to-group |
||||||
|
sgpd |
sample group description |
||||||
|
subs |
sub-sample information |
||||||
|
mvex |
movie extends box |
||||||
|
mehd |
movie extends header box |
||||||
|
trex |
√ |
track extends defaults |
|||||
|
ipmc |
IPMP Control Box |
||||||
|
moof |
movie fragment |
||||||
|
mfhd |
√ |
movie fragment header |
|||||
|
traf |
track fragment |
||||||
|
tfhd |
√ |
track fragment header |
|||||
|
trun |
track fragment run |
||||||
|
sdtp |
independent and disposable samples |
||||||
|
sbgp |
sample-to-group |
||||||
|
subs |
sub-sample information |
||||||
|
mfra |
movie fragment random access |
||||||
|
tfra |
track fragment random access |
||||||
|
mfro |
√ |
movie fragment random access offset |
|||||
|
mdat |
media data container |
||||||
|
free |
free space |
||||||
|
skip |
free space |
||||||
|
udta |
user-data |
||||||
|
cprt |
copyright etc. |
||||||
|
meta |
metadata |
||||||
|
hdlr |
√ |
handler, declares the metadata (handler) type |
|||||
|
dinf |
data information box, container |
||||||
|
dref |
data reference box, declares source(s) of metadata items |
||||||
|
ipmc |
IPMP Control Box |
||||||
|
iloc |
item location |
||||||
|
ipro |
item protection |
||||||
|
sinf |
protection scheme information box |
||||||
|
frma |
original format box |
||||||
|
imif |
IPMP Information box |
||||||
|
schm |
scheme type box |
||||||
|
schi |
scheme information box |
||||||
|
iinf |
item information |
||||||
|
xml |
XML container |
||||||
|
bxml |
binary XML container |
||||||
|
pitm |
primary item reference |
||||||
|
fiin |
file delivery item information |
||||||
|
paen |
partition entry |
||||||
|
fpar |
file partition |
||||||
|
fecr |
FEC reservoir |
||||||
|
segr |
file delivery session group |
||||||
|
gitn |
group id to name |
||||||
|
tsel |
track selection |
||||||
|
meco |
additional metadata container |
||||||
|
mere |
metabox relation |
正式开始前先对文件的几个重要部分宏观介绍一下,以便诸位在后续学习时心中有数:
1、 ftypbox,在文件的开始位置,描述的文件的版本、兼容协议等;
2、 moovbox,这个box中不包含具体媒体数据,但包含本文件中所有媒体数据的宏观描述信息,moov box下有mvhd和trak box。
>>mvhd中记录了创建时间、修改时间、时间度量标尺、可播放时长等信息。
>>trak中的一系列子box描述了每个媒体轨道的具体信息。
3、 moofbox,这个box是视频分片的描述信息。并不是MP4文件必须的部分,但在我们常见的可在线播放的MP4格式文件中(例如Silverlight Smooth Streaming中的ismv文件)确是重中之重。
4、 mdatbox,实际媒体数据。我们最终解码播放的数据都在这里面。
5、 mfrabox,一般在文件末尾,媒体的索引文件,可通过查询直接定位所需时间点的媒体数据。

附:Smooth Streaming中ismv文件结构,文件分为了多个Fragments,每个Fragment中包含moof和mdat。这样的结构符合渐进式播放需求。(mdat及其描述信息逐步传输,收齐一个Fragment便可播放其中的mdat)。
http://blog.csdn.net/tx3344/article/details/8476669
MP4(MPEG-4 Part 14)是一种常见的多媒体容器格式,它是在“ISO/IEC 14496-14”标准文件中定义的。
1.最小组成单元 BOX
2.mp4文件整体结构
| Code | Abstract | Defined in/by |
| ainf | Asset information to identify, license and play | DECE |
| albm | Album title and track number (user-data) | 3GPP |
| auth | Media author name (user-data) | 3GPP |
| avcn | AVC NAL Unit Storage Box | DECE |
| bloc | Base location and purchase location for license acquisition | DECE |
| bpcc | Bits per component | JP2 |
| buff | Buffering information | AVC |
| bxml | binary XML container | ISO |
| ccid | OMA DRM Content ID | OMA DRM 2.1 |
| cdef | type and ordering of the components within the codestream | JP2 |
| clsf | Media classification (user-data) | 3GPP |
| cmap | mapping between a palette and codestream components | JP2 |
| co64 | 64-bit chunk offset | ISO |
| colr | specifies the colourspace of the image | JP2 |
| cprt | copyright etc. (user-data) | ISO |
| crhd | reserved for ClockReferenceStream header | MP4V1 |
| cslg | composition to decode timeline mapping | ISO |
| ctts | (composition) time to sample | ISO |
| cvru | OMA DRM Cover URI | OMA DRM 2.1 |
| dcfD | Marlin DCF Duration, user-data atom type | OMArlin |
| dinf | data information box, container | ISO |
| dref | data reference box, declares source(s) of media data in track | ISO |
| dscp | Media description (user-data) | 3GPP |
| dsgd | DVB Sample Group Description Box | DVB |
| dstg | DVB Sample to Group Box | DVB |
| edts | edit list container | ISO |
| elst | an edit list | ISO |
| feci | FEC Informatiom | ISO |
| fecr | FEC Reservoir | ISO |
| fiin | FD Item Information | ISO |
| fire | File Reservoir | ISO |
| fpar | File Partition | ISO |
| free | free space | ISO |
| frma | original format box | ISO |
| ftyp | file type and compatibility | JP2, ISO |
| gitn | Group ID to name | ISO |
| gnre | Media genre (user-data) | 3GPP |
| grpi | OMA DRM Group ID | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| hdlr | handler, declares the media (handler) type | ISO |
| hmhd | hint media header, overall information (hint track only) | ISO |
| hpix | Hipix Rich Picture (user-data or meta-data) | HIPIX |
| icnu | OMA DRM Icon URI | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| ID32 | ID3 version 2 container | inline |
| idat | Item data | ISO |
| ihdr | Image Header | JP2 |
| iinf | item information | ISO |
| iloc | item location | ISO |
| imif | IPMP Information box | ISO |
| infu | OMA DRM Info URL | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| iods | Object Descriptor container box | MP4V1 |
| iphd | reserved for IPMP Stream header | MP4V1 |
| ipmc | IPMP Control Box | ISO |
| ipro | item protection | ISO |
| iref | Item reference | ISO |
| jP$20$20 | JPEG 2000 Signature | JP2 |
| jp2c | JPEG 2000 contiguous codestream | JP2 |
| jp2h | Header | JP2 |
| jp2i | intellectual property information | JP2 |
| kywd | Media keywords (user-data) | 3GPP |
| loci | Media location information (user-data) | 3GPP |
| lrcu | OMA DRM Lyrics URI | OMA DRM 2.1 |
| m7hd | reserved for MPEG7Stream header | MP4V1 |
| mdat | media data container | ISO |
| mdhd | media header, overall information about the media | ISO |
| mdia | container for the media information in a track | ISO |
| mdri | Mutable DRM information | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| meco | additional metadata container | ISO |
| mehd | movie extends header box | ISO |
| mere | metabox relation | ISO |
| meta | Metadata container | ISO |
| mfhd | movie fragment header | ISO |
| mfra | Movie fragment random access | ISO |
| mfro | Movie fragment random access offset | ISO |
| minf | media information container | ISO |
| mjhd | reserved for MPEG-J Stream header | MP4V1 |
| moof | movie fragment | ISO |
| moov | container for all the meta-data | ISO |
| mvcg | Multiview group | AVC |
| mvci | Multiview Information | AVC |
| mvex | movie extends box | ISO |
| mvhd | movie header, overall declarations | ISO |
| mvra | Multiview Relation Attribute | AVC |
| nmhd | Null media header, overall information (some tracks only) | ISO |
| ochd | reserved for ObjectContentInfoStream header | MP4V1 |
| odaf | OMA DRM Access Unit Format | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| odda | OMA DRM Content Object | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| odhd | reserved for ObjectDescriptorStream header | MP4V1 |
| odhe | OMA DRM Discrete Media Headers | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| odrb | OMA DRM Rights Object | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| odrm | OMA DRM Container | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| odtt | OMA DRM Transaction Tracking | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| ohdr | OMA DRM Common headers | OMA DRM 2.0 |
| padb | sample padding bits | ISO |
| paen | Partition Entry | ISO |
| pclr | palette which maps a single component in index space to a multiple- component image | JP2 |
| pdin | Progressive download information | ISO |
| perf | Media performer name (user-data) | 3GPP |
| pitm | primary item reference | ISO |
| res$20 | grid resolution | JP2 |
| resc | grid resolution at which the image was captured | JP2 |
| resd | default grid resolution at which the image should be displayed | JP2 |
| rtng | Media rating (user-data) | 3GPP |
| sbgp | Sample to Group box | AVC,ISO |
| schi | scheme information box | ISO |
| schm | scheme type box | ISO |
| sdep | Sample dependency | AVC |
| sdhd | reserved for SceneDescriptionStream header | MP4V1 |
| sdtp | Independent and Disposable Samples Box | AVC,ISO |
| sdvp | SD Profile Box | SDV |
| segr | file delivery session group | ISO |
| senc | Sample specific encryption data | DECE |
| sgpd | Sample group definition box | AVC,ISO |
| sidx | Segment Index Box | 3GPP |
| sinf | protection scheme information box | ISO |
| skip | free space | ISO |
| smhd | sound media header, overall information (sound track only) | ISO |
| srmb | System Renewability Message | DVB |
| srmc | System Renewability Message container | DVB |
| srpp | STRP Process | ISO |
| stbl | sample table box, container for the time/space map | ISO |
| stco | chunk offset, partial data-offset information | ISO |
| stdp | sample degradation priority | ISO |
| sthd | Subtitle Media Header Box | DECE |
| stsc | sample-to-chunk, partial data-offset information | ISO |
| stsd | sample descriptions (codec types, initialization etc.) | ISO |
| stsh | shadow sync sample table | ISO |
| stss | sync sample table (random access points) | ISO |
| stsz | sample sizes (framing) | ISO |
| stts | (decoding) time-to-sample | ISO |
| styp | Segment Type Box | 3GPP |
| stz2 | compact sample sizes (framing) | ISO |
| subs | Sub-sample information | ISO |
| swtc | Multiview Group Relation | AVC |
| tfad | Track fragment adjustment box | 3GPP |
| tfhd | Track fragment header | ISO |
| tfma | Track fragment media adjustment box | 3GPP |
| tfra | Track fragment radom access | ISO |
| tibr | Tier Bit rate | AVC |
| tiri | Tier Information | AVC |
| titl | Media title (user-data) | 3GPP |
| tkhd | Track header, overall information about the track | ISO |
| traf | Track fragment | ISO |
| trak | container for an individual track or stream | ISO |
| tref | track reference container | ISO |
| trex | track extends defaults | ISO |
| trgr | Track grouping information | ISO |
| trik | Facilitates random access and trick play modes | DECE |
| trun | track fragment run | ISO |
| tsel | Track selection (user-data) | 3GPP |
| udta | user-data | ISO |
| uinf | a tool by which a vendor may provide access to additional information associated with a UUID | JP2 |
| UITS | Unique Identifier Technology Solution | Universal Music |
| ulst | a list of UUID’s | JP2 |
| url$20 | a URL | JP2 |
| uuid | user-extension box | ISO, JP2 |
| vmhd | video media header, overall information (video track only) | ISO |
| vwdi | Multiview Scene Information | AVC |
| xml$20 | a tool by which vendors can add XML formatted information | JP2 |
| xml$20 | XML container | ISO |
| yrrc | Year when media was recorded (user-data) | 3GPP |
QuickTime Codes
| Code | Abstract | Defined in/by |
| clip | Visual clipping region container | QT |
| crgn | Visual clipping region definition | QT |
| ctab | Track color-table | QT |
| elng | Extended Language Tag | QT |
| imap | Track input map definition | QT |
| kmat | Compressed visual track matte | QT |
| load | Track pre-load definitions | QT |
| matt | Visual track matte for compositing | QT |
| pnot | Preview container | QT |
| wide | Expansion space reservation | QT |
1.File Type Box
Box Type: `ftyp’
这种box一般情况下都会出现在mp4文件的开头,它可以作为mp4容器格式的可表示信息。就像flv头‘F’ 'L' 'V' 3字节,MKV头部的1A 45 DF A3 、ASF_Header_Object 可以作为ASF容器格式的可辨识信息一样。
ftyp box内容结构如下
- aligned(8) class FileTypeBox
- extends Box(‘ftyp’) {
- unsigned int(32) major_brand;
- unsigned int(32) minor_version;
- unsigned int(32) compatible_brands[]; // to end of the box
- }
2.Movie Box
moov 这个box 里面包含了很多个子box,就像上篇那个图上标的。一般情况下moov 会紧跟着 ftyp。moov里面包含着mp4文件中的metedata。音视频相关的基础信息。让我们看看moov 里面都含有哪些重要的box。
2.1 Movie Header Box
- aligned(8) class MovieHeaderBox extends FullBox(‘mvhd’, version, 0) {
- if (version==1) {
- unsigned int(64) creation_time;
- unsigned int(64) modification_time;
- unsigned int(32) timescale;
- unsigned int(64) duration;
- } else { // version==0
- unsigned int(32) creation_time;
- unsigned int(32) modification_time;
- unsigned int(32) timescale;
- unsigned int(32) duration;
- }
- template int(32) rate = 0x00010000; // typically 1.0
- template int(16) volume = 0x0100; // typically, full volume
- const bit(16) reserved = 0;
- const unsigned int(32)[2] reserved = 0;
- template int(32)[9] matrix =
- { 0x00010000,0,0,0,0x00010000,0,0,0,0x40000000 };
- // Unity matrix
- bit(32)[6] pre_defined = 0;
- unsigned int(32) next_track_ID;
- }
|
Field |
Type |
Comment |
|
box size |
4 |
box大小 |
|
box type |
4 |
box类型 |
|
version |
1 |
box版本,0或1,一般为0。 |
|
flags |
3 |
flags |
|
creation time |
4 |
创建时间(相对于UTC时间1904-01-01零点的秒数) |
|
modification time |
4 |
修改时间 |
|
time scale |
4 |
文件媒体在1秒时间内的刻度值,可以理解为1秒长度的时间单元数 一般情况下视频的 都是90000 |
|
duration |
4 |
该track的时间长度,用duration和time scale值可以计算track时长,比如audio track的time scale = 8000, duration = 560128,时长为 70.016,video track的time scale = 600, duration = 42000,时长为70 |
|
rate |
4 |
推荐播放速率,高16位和低16位分别为小数点整数部分和小数部分,即[16.16] 格式,该值为1.0(0x00010000)表示正常前向播放 |
|
volume |
2 |
与rate类似,[8.8] 格式,1.0(0x0100)表示最大音量 |
|
reserved |
10 |
保留位 |
|
matrix |
36 |
视频变换矩阵 |
|
pre-defined |
24 |
|
|
next track id |
4 |
下一个track使用的id号 |
所以通过解析这部分内容可以或者duration、rate等主要信息。举个例子:
2.2 Track Box
2.2.1 Track Header Box
- aligned(8) class TrackHeaderBox
- extends FullBox(‘tkhd’, version, flags){
- if (version==1) {
- unsigned int(64) creation_time;
- unsigned int(64) modification_time;
- unsigned int(32) track_ID;
- const unsigned int(32) reserved = 0;
- unsigned int(64) duration;
- } else { // version==0
- unsigned int(32) creation_time;
- unsigned int(32) modification_time;
- unsigned int(32) track_ID;
- const unsigned int(32) reserved = 0;
- unsigned int(32) duration;
- }
- const unsigned int(32)[2] reserved = 0;
- template int(16) layer = 0;
- template int(16) alternate_group = 0;
- template int(16) volume = {if track_is_audio 0x0100 else 0};
- const unsigned int(16) reserved = 0;
- template int(32)[9] matrix=
- { 0x00010000,0,0,0,0x00010000,0,0,0,0x40000000 };
- // unity matrix
- unsigned int(32) width;
- unsigned int(32) height;
- }
|
Field |
Type |
Comment |
|
box size |
4 |
box大小 |
|
box type |
4 |
box类型 |
|
version |
1 |
box版本,0或1,一般为0。 |
|
flags |
3 |
按位或操作结果值,预定义如下: |
|
track id |
4 |
id号,不能重复且不能为0 |
|
reserved |
4 |
保留位 |
|
duration |
4 |
track的时间长度 |
|
reserved |
8 |
保留位 |
|
layer |
2 |
视频层,默认为0,值小的在上层 |
|
alternate group |
2 |
track分组信息,默认为0表示该track未与其他track有群组关系 |
|
volume |
2 |
[8.8] 格式,如果为音频track,1.0(0x0100)表示最大音量;否则为0 |
|
reserved |
2 |
保留位 |
|
matrix |
36 |
视频变换矩阵 |
|
width |
4 |
宽 |
|
height |
4 |
高,均为 [16.16] 格式值,与sample描述中的实际画面大小比值,用于播放时的展示宽高 |
多媒体封装格式详解---MP4的更多相关文章
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】--- AAC ADTS格式分析
ADTS全称是(Audio Data Transport Stream),是AAC的一种十分常见的传输格式. 记得第一次做demux的时候,把AAC音频的ES流从FLV封装格式中抽出来送给硬件解码器时 ...
- (转)【多媒体封装格式详解】--- AAC ADTS格式分析
出自:http://blog.csdn.net/tx3344/article/details/7414543 http://www.it6655.com/2012/08/aac-adts-html ...
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MP4【4】
前面介绍过的几种格式flv.mkv.asf等.他们音视频的数据包一般都是按照文件的顺序交叉安放.你解析完头部信息后.剩下的一般就按照文件顺序一个数据包一个数据包的解析就行了.但是MP4完全不是这种概念 ...
- 【多媒体封装格式详解】---MKV
http://blog.csdn.net/tx3344/article/details/8162656# http://blog.csdn.net/tx3344/article/details/817 ...
- FLV视频封装格式详解
FLV视频封装格式详解 分类: FFMpeg编解码 2012-04-04 21:13 1378人阅读 评论(2) 收藏 举报 flvheaderaudiovideocodecfile 目录(?)[-] ...
- H.264标准(一)mp4封装格式详解
在网络层,互联网提供所有应用程序都要使用的两种类型的服务,尽管目前理解这些服务的细节并不重要,但在所有TCP/IP概述中,都不能忽略他们: 无连接分组交付服务(Connectionless Packe ...
- 【转】FLV视频封装格式详解
Overview Flash Video(简称FLV),是一种流行的网络格式.目前国内外大部分视频分享网站都是采用的这种格式. File Structure 从整个文件上开看,FLV是由The FLV ...
- 以太网帧格式、IP数据报格式、TCP段格式+UDP段格式 详解
转载:http://www.cnblogs.com/lifan3a/articles/6649970.html 以太网帧格式.IP数据报格式.TCP段格式+UDP段格式 详解 1.ISO开放系统有 ...
- java分享第十五天(log4j 格式详解)
log4j 格式详解 log4j.rootLogger=日志级别,appender1, appender2, -. 日志级别:ALL<DEBUG<INFO<WARN<ERRO ...
随机推荐
- [解决] python WindowsError: [Error 3]
python 运行出错 WindowsError: [Error ] : 'D:\\\xe7\x81\xab\xe8\xbd\xa6\xe9\x87\x87\xe9\x9b\x86\xe5\x99\x ...
- SQL练习总结
[SQL语句练习] 1. 表1: Person +-------------+---------+ | 列名 | 类型 | +-------------+---------+ | PersonId | ...
- HDU 1611 敌兵布阵【线段树模板】
#include<cstdio> #include<string> #include<cstdlib> #include<cmath> #include ...
- 关于使用jqmobi前端框架在phonegap平台上开发时的日期时间选择控件
jqmobi(appframework)作为Intel的一款html5移动前端框架,以其自身轻量级和容易上手获得了很多移动HTML5开发者的喜爱,相对于jquerymobile,它可以说将jQuery ...
- WebService数据示例
通过webservice提交xml数据以及soap协议的使用 上次已经给大家分享了简单的webservice的使用,提交给服务器的数据只是简单类型的数据,这次呢换成了xml,并通过一个小例子来讲解so ...
- 【BZOJ 1004】【HNOI 2008】Cards
http://www.lydsy.com/JudgeOnline/problem.php?id=1004 注意数据给出的m是一个没有单位元的置换群! 用Burnside引理,然后对每个置换群dp一下就 ...
- Codeforces Round #196 (Div. 1) 题解
(CF唯一不好的地方就是时差……不过还好没去考,考的话就等着滚回Div. 2了……) A - Quiz 裸的贪心,不过要用矩阵乘法优化或者直接推通式然后快速幂.不过本傻叉做的时候脑子一片混乱,导致WA ...
- 2017icpc 乌鲁木齐网络赛
A .Banana Bananas are the favoured food of monkeys. In the forest, there is a Banana Company that pr ...
- MySQL v5.7.18 版本解压安装
下载MySQL https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.1.html#downloads 个人机子是64位的,所以选择下载:Windows (x86, 64-b ...
- linux禁ping与限制ip登录
以root进入linux系统,然后编辑文件icmp_echo_ignore_allvi /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all将其值改为1后为禁止PING将其值 ...