C++ lambda expression

0. lambda emerged since c++11, lambda expression/function is an unnamed function object capable of capturing variables in scope.

A lambda function is a function that you can write inline in your source code (usually to pass in to another function, similar to the idea of a function pointer).

1. syntax of a lambda expression

[ captures ] <tparams>(optional)(c++20) ( params ) specifiers exception attr -> ret requires(optional)(c++20){ body }

[ captures ] ( params ) -> ret { body }

[ captures ] ( params ) { body }

[ captures ] { body }

2. Examples:

[](){};   // barebone lambda, [] is the capture list, ()is the argument list, {} is the function body

[](){}(); // immediately execute a lambda or call the lambda function

auto pr = [](int& n){n = n+1; std::cout << " " << n;};  // define a lambda function, and assign it to the pr

#include <algorithm>  // std::for_each()

std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), pr); // caller of the lambda expression

std::for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), [](int &n){ n++; std::cout << " " << n; }); // the same lambda function caller

3. About capture list

[]	Capture nothing
[&]	Capture any reference variable by reference
[=]	Capture any reference variable by making a copy
[=, &foo]	Capture any referenced variable by making a copy, but capture variable foo by reference
[bar]
[this]

int x = 4;

auto y = [&r = x, x = x+1]()->int{ r += 2; return x+2;}(); //::x will be 6, y will be 7;

or

auto y = [&r = x, x = x+1]()->int{ r += 2; return x+2;}; // it is not excuted now

y(); // it is executed. ::x is 6