创建仓库

新建普通仓库：

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git init

Reinitialized existing Git repository in /home/jxdong/workspace/git/.git/

新建 bare 仓库：

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git.git$ git init --bare

Initialized empty Git repository in /home/jxdong/workspace/git.git/

bare 仓库里面不包括源码，仅仅具有版本号管理管理功能，无法运行 checkout 等代码管理操作：

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git.git$ ls

branches  config  description  HEAD  hooks  info  objects  refs

克隆仓库

克隆普通 git 仓库：

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace$ git clone git git_1

Cloning into 'git_1'...

done.

warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.

克隆为 bare 仓库：

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace$ git clone git git_1.git --bare

Cloning into bare repository 'git_1.git'...

done.

warning: You appear to have cloned an empty repository.

由于我们的仓库里面没有提交，所以 git 提示我们克隆了空的仓库

提交代码

第一次提交初始化的版本号能够是什么都没有：

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git commit -m "init: first version." --allow-empty

[master (root-commit) 8a22ddf] init: first version.

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git log

commit 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date: Fri May 30 11:40:15 2014 +0800

init: first version.

加入项目文件

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ echo test > myfile1.txt

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git add myfile1.txt

提交到本地仓库

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git commit -m "work: add file1"

[master 8ed6d03] work: add file1

1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

create mode 100644 myfile1.txt

查看历史

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git log

commit 8ed6d030278c0aef63052d6ba1946281c8a50ec8

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

commit 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:40:15 2014 +0800

    init: first version.

回退版本号

作为提交的回退

revert 会撤销一次 commit 并把撤销操作作为 commit 提交，所以历史里面包括这次撤销操作的 commit

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git log

commit 746d6596b7d5b84db9c27ceef1063be977510c4e

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:44:22 2014 +0800

    Revert "work: add file1"

    This reverts commit 8ed6d030278c0aef63052d6ba1946281c8a50ec8.

commit 8ed6d030278c0aef63052d6ba1946281c8a50ec8

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

commit 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:40:15 2014 +0800

    init: first version.

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ ls

强制删除一次提交

reset 与 –hard 參数，将会真正去掉这次commit，将会删除 git 历史。比較危急，用于那些失败的提交。

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git reset --hard HEAD~1

HEAD is now at 8ed6d03 work: add file1

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git log

commit 8ed6d030278c0aef63052d6ba1946281c8a50ec8

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

commit 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:40:15 2014 +0800

    init: first version.

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ ls

myfile1.txt

改动提交历史

我们再加入一个文件，并提交。

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ echo test > myfile2.txt

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git add myfile2.txt

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git commit -m "work: add file2"

[master 021f89c] work: add file2

1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

create mode 100644 myfile2.txt

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git log

commit 021f89cfd5aa195cd841eb0e64a2d712cc1f8356

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:45:49 2014 +0800

    work: add file2

commit 8ed6d030278c0aef63052d6ba1946281c8a50ec8

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

commit 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:40:15 2014 +0800

    init: first version.

rebase 命令能够回退到指定的提交处，然后改动这次提交之后的历史。

包括的功能：

pick，採用这次提交，什么也不做
reword，採用这次提交，仅仅是改动提交信息
edit，採用提交，并停在这次提交这里，你能够開始改动这次提交
squash，合并提交，将这次提交合并到之前的一次提交里面
fixup，与squash 一致，直接合并忽略提交信息
x，exec，运行一些命令

这里以合并为例

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git rebase -i 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

pick 8ed6d03 work: add file1

pick 021f89c work: add file2

# Rebase 8a22ddf..021f89c onto 8a22ddf

#

# Commands:

# p, pick = use commit

# r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message

# e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending

# s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit

# f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message

# x, exec = run command (the rest of the line) using shell

#

# If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.

# However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.

#

".git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo" 16L, 542C written

Rebasing (2/2)

# This is a combination of 2 commits.

# The first commit's message is:

work: add file1

# This is the 2nd commit message:

work: add file2

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting

# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.

# Not currently on any branch.

# Changes to be committed:

#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

#

#       new file:   myfile1.txt

#       new file:   myfile2.txt

#



~

".git/COMMIT_EDITMSG" 18L, 438C written

[detached HEAD a5d9008] work: add file1

2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

create mode 100644 myfile1.txt

create mode 100644 myfile2.txt

Successfully rebased and updated refs/heads/master.

看一下，合并后的历史

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git log

commit a5d9008e0d87302ed1dc9c5fa8957294efc3e403

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

    work: add file2

commit 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:40:15 2014 +0800

    init: first version.

生成补丁

补丁的生成，-n 后面数字表示将要生成之前的多少次提交作为布丁。

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ git format-patch -n1

0001-work-add-file1.patch

应用布丁

应用布丁，须要具有同样祖先的 git 仓库，以避免错误，我们開始克隆过一个仓库，他们是来自同一个祖先

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git$ cd ..

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace$ cd git

git/ git_1/ git_1.git/ git.git/

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace$ cd git_1

git_1/ git_1.git/

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace$ cd git_1

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git am ../git/0001-work-add-file1.patch

Applying: work: add file1

applying to an empty history

获取远端仓库代码

加入远端

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git remote add git ../git

获代替码

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git fetch git

warning: no common commits

remote: Counting objects: 5, done.

remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.

remote: Total 5 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)

Unpacking objects: 100% (5/5), done.

From ../git

* [new branch] master -> git/master

查看全部分支

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git branch -a

* master

remotes/git/master

表示当前在本地的 master 分支，我们另一个远端叫 git 的仓库，里面包括一个 master 分支

合并分支

我们先在分支上再提交一次，这次也加入一个文件。

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ echo test2 > myfile2.txt

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git commit -m "work: modfy file2"

# On branch master

# Changes not staged for commit:

#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)

#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

#

#       modified:   myfile2.txt

#

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git commit -am "work: modfy file2"

[master 503a6c9] work: modfy file2

1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git log

commit 503a6c922a6a0f0fc298c1b5b8289fd2babb435c

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:50:30 2014 +0800

    work: modfy file2

commit 24651eb534f5f4db86e61e62f48d7959aaaf4e65

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

    work: add file2

合并分支

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git merge git/master

Auto-merging myfile2.txt

CONFLICT (add/add): Merge conflict in myfile2.txt

Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

处理冲突

首先查看冲突

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git diff

diff --cc myfile2.txt

index 180cf83,9daeafb..0000000

--- a/myfile2.txt

+++ b/myfile2.txt

@@@ -1,1 -1,1 +1,5 @@@

++<<<<<<< HEAD

+test2

++=======

+ test

++>>>>>>> git/master

改动冲突并提交

解决冲突主要是看须要保留本地的内容还是要合并的内容

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git commit -a

Merge remote-tracking branch 'git/master'

Conflicts:

myfile2.txt

#

# It looks like you may be committing a merge.

# If this is not correct, please remove the file

# .git/MERGE_HEAD

# and try again.

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting

# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.

# On branch master

提交完毕合并成功

jxdong@ubuntu-server:~/workspace/git_1$ git log

commit d1feccc31ba37983e2d217ec7b497bffebdde3f1

Merge: 503a6c9 a5d9008

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:56:46 2014 +0800

    Merge remote-tracking branch 'git/master'

    Conflicts:

        myfile2.txt

commit 503a6c922a6a0f0fc298c1b5b8289fd2babb435c

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:50:30 2014 +0800

    work: modfy file2

commit 24651eb534f5f4db86e61e62f48d7959aaaf4e65

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

    work: add file2

commit a5d9008e0d87302ed1dc9c5fa8957294efc3e403

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:43:52 2014 +0800

    work: add file1

    work: add file2

commit 8a22ddfaaf374531dbdba02ef40bb10006057f6f

Author: Royce Jiang <jiangxd@embedinfo.com>

Date:   Fri May 30 11:40:15 2014 +0800

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git 经常使用操作集锦

创建仓库

新建普通仓库：

新建 bare 仓库：

克隆仓库

克隆普通 git 仓库：

克隆为 bare 仓库：

提交代码

加入项目文件

提交到本地仓库

查看历史

回退版本号

作为提交的回退

强制删除一次提交

改动提交历史

生成补丁

应用布丁

获取远端仓库代码

加入远端

获代替码

查看全部分支

合并分支

合并分支

处理冲突

首先查看冲突

改动冲突并提交

提交完毕合并成功

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