python scrapy 爬取西刺代理ip(一基础篇)（ubuntu环境下） -赖大大

第一步：环境搭建

1.python2 或 python3

2.用pip安装下载scrapy框架

具体就自行百度了，主要内容不是在这。

第二步：创建scrapy（简单介绍）

1.Creating a project（创建项目）

scrapy startproject 项目名称

2.Defining our item（定义我们的项目）

3.writing a spider（写spider）

scrapy genspider (spider的名称）（爬取的网页）

4.writing & Configure an item Pipeline（编写和配置项目管道）

5.Execute crawl（执行爬虫）

scrapy crawl (spider的名称）

第三步：具体实现

1.创建项目

进入scrapy项目的工作区间(xici项目名)

scrapy startproject xici

此时项目结构是这样

2.创建spider爬虫

进入项目创建(注意后面的不是具体地址，是域名)

 scrapy genspider xicidaili 'xicidaili.com'

此时，你会发现在spiders文件夹下多了个 xicidaili.py 文件（这就是爬虫文件）

3.编写items.py

根据我们的需求编写

代理ip最主要是ip、端口和类型（http或https）

items.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html

import scrapy

class XiciItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    ip = scrapy.Field()
    port = scrapy.Field()
    types = scrapy.Field()

4.编写xicidaili.py

具体爬虫操作就在这个文件里实现

xicidaili.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from xici.items import XiciItem

class XicidailiSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'xicidaili'
    allowed_domains = ['xicidaili.com']
    #把http://xicidaili.com/地址改为我们需要爬去的具体地址
    start_urls = ['https://www.xicidaili.com/nn/']

    def parse(self, response):
        #我们发现ip都是在table标签里，那我们就用xpath选择table元素
        lis = response.xpath('//table[@id="ip_list"]')
        #抓取table下的tr,一个tr就一个ip，端口，类型
        trs = lis[0].xpath('tr')

        items = []
        #除掉第一行
        for ip in trs[1:]:
            item = XiciItem()
            #抓取每一行具体的内容
            # //*[@id="ip_list"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[2]
            item["ip"] = ip.xpath('td[2]/text()')[0].extract()

            # //*[@id="ip_list"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[3]
            item["port"] = ip.xpath('td[3]/text()')[0].extract()

            # //*[@id="ip_list"]/tbody/tr[2]/td[6]
            item["types"] = ip.xpath('td[6]/text()').extract()

            #加入到数组
            items.append(item)
        #返回给items.py
        return items

5.编写pipelines.py

pipelines文件是对数据进行持久化存储的

MySQLdb不支持python3,所以我要用pymysql代替

没有pymysql需要用pip下载，数据库表也要自己建

pipelines.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
import pymysql

class XiciPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.client = pymysql.connect(
            host='127.0.0.1',
            port=3306,
            user='root',  # 使用自己的用户名
            passwd='root',  # 使用自己的密码
            db='test',  # 数据库名
            charset='utf8'
        )
        # 拿到游标
        self.cur = self.client.cursor()

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        #mysql防止sql注入
        sql = ("insert into proxyip(ip,port,types) values (%s,%s,%s)")
        lis = (item['ip'], item['port'], item['types'])
        try:

            self.cur.execute(sql, lis)
            # 向数据库提交
            self.client.commit()
        except Exception as e:
            print("Insert error:", e)
        #关闭
        self.cur.close()
        return item

6.编写middlewares.py

middlewares.py中设置用户代理中间件

对爬虫进行伪装，伪装成人工操作，否则网站会监测出你是爬虫，并拦截你

在middlewares.py文件中加入以下代码：

from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent import UserAgentMiddleware
import random

#设置代理ip
class MyProxyMiddleware(object):
    '''
    设置Proxy
    '''

    def __init__(self, ip):
        self.ip = ip

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        return cls(ip=crawler.settings.get('PROXIES'))

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        ip = random.choice(self.ip)
        request.meta['proxy'] = ip

class MyUserAgentMiddleware(UserAgentMiddleware):
    '''
    设置User-Agent
    '''

    def __init__(self, user_agent):
        self.user_agent = user_agent

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):

        return cls(
            user_agent=crawler.settings.get('USER_AGENTS_LIST')
        )

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        agent = random.choice(self.user_agent)
        request.headers['User-Agent'] = agent

7.编写settings.py

我们刚才编写的middlewares.py和pipelines.py都要在settings.py文件里面进行配置，设置优先级等等。

(一定要记得，否则你写的数据持久化存储和爬虫伪装是没有生效的，记得把ROBOTSTXT_OBEY改为False)

修改settings.py文件代码如下：

BOT_NAME = 'xici'

SPIDER_MODULES = ['xici.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'xici.spiders'

#对middlewares编写的进行配置
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
    'xici.middlewares.MyProxyMiddleware': 543,
    'scrapy.downloadermiddleware.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': None,
    'xici.middlewares.MyUserAgentMiddleware': 400,
}

#配置pipelines.py
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'xici.pipelines.XiciPipeline': 300
}

#代理的ip
#你看到此篇文章的时候，ip已经没用了，你可以在西刺网站上拿一个试
PROXIES = ['http://192.168.42.249:808']

#user_agent
USER_AGENTS_LIST = [
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
    "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 LBBROWSER",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; 360SE)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.89 Safari/537.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_2_1 like Mac OS X; zh-cn) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8C148 Safari/6533.18.5",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:2.0b13pre) Gecko/20110307 Firefox/4.0b13pre",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:16.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/16.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10"
]

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'xici (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

#要设置ROBOTSTXT_OBEY改为False
#如果为True，则遵守robots协议（爬虫协议）

ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

8.执行爬虫

进入项目里面，列出爬虫

scrapy list

scrapy crawl xicidaili

成功爬取

9.问题注意

1.在执行的时候，可能会卡住，原因是上面用的代理ip已经过期，需要另外找，

或者你可以把ip代理部分去掉，上面示例不用代理ip也能爬取，

找ip代理也是因为你频繁的访问，它是禁止了你的ip，没有也可以不用！

2.网站内的html标签有所改变，我上面xpath已经没办法找到我们想要的内容了，需要修改以下xpath

以上是我学习scrapy的分享，有什么不对，望大家指点