4 TensorFlow入门之dropout解决overfitting问题

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dropout解决overfitting问题

• overfitting：当机器学习学习得太好了，就会出现过拟合（overfitting)问题。所以，我们就要采取一些措施来避免过拟合的问题。此实验就来看一下dropout对于解决过拟合问题的效果。
• 例子实验内容：识别手写数字。此实验的步骤和上一篇的识别手写数字步骤很相似。

• 例子实验的数据集：sklearn中的datasets

• 主要运用的函数tf.nn.dropout()

• 主要参数keep_prob。keep_prob表示留下来的结果的百分比，比如你要drop0.4，那么keep_prob就为0.6

import tensorflow as tf
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelBinarizer

#加载数据
digits = load_digits()
X = digits.data
y = digits.target
y = LabelBinarizer().fit_transform(y)  #把数字变成1x10的向量
X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test = train_test_split(X,y,test_size = .3)  #把数据分成train数据和test数据

#定义添加层
def add_layer(inputs,in_size,out_size,activation_function=None):
    #定义添加层内容，返回这层的outputs
    Weights = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([in_size,out_size]))#Weigehts是一个in_size行、out_size列的矩阵，开始时用随机数填满
    biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1,out_size])+0.1) #biases是一个1行out_size列的矩阵，用0.1填满
    Wx_plus_b = tf.matmul(inputs,Weights)+biases  #预测
    #实现dropout，keep_drop为丢弃后剩下的百分比
    Wx_plus_b = tf.nn.dropout(Wx_plus_b, keep_prob)
    if activation_function is None:  #如果没有激励函数，那么outputs就是预测值
        outputs = Wx_plus_b
    else:  #如果有激励函数，那么outputs就是激励函数作用于预测值之后的值
        outputs = activation_function(Wx_plus_b)
    return outputs

#定义计算正确率的函数
def t_accuracy(t_xs,t_ys):
    global prediction
    y_pre = sess.run(prediction,feed_dict={xs:t_xs,keep_prob:1})#测试结果不dropout
    correct_pre = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y_pre,1),tf.argmax(t_ys,1))
    accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_pre,tf.float32))
    result = sess.run(accuracy,feed_dict={xs:t_xs,ys:t_ys,keep_prob:1})
    return result

#定义输入输出值，和keep_drop值
keep_prob = tf.placeholder(tf.float32)
xs = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 64])  # 8x8
ys = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 10])

#添加层
l1 = add_layer(xs, 64, 50,activation_function=tf.nn.tanh)
prediction = add_layer(l1, 50, 10,activation_function=tf.nn.softmax)

#误差
cross_entropy = tf.reduce_mean(-tf.reduce_sum(ys * tf.log(prediction),reduction_indices=[1]))  # loss

#训练
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5).minimize(cross_entropy)

#开始训练
sess = tf.Session()
merged = tf.summary.merge_all()
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess.run(init)
for i in range(1000):
    # 设置keep_drop为1，即不进行dropout
    sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={xs: X_train, ys: y_train, keep_prob: 1})
    if i % 50 == 0:
        # 输出正确率
        print (t_accuracy(X_test,y_test)) 

0.20925926
0.7574074
0.81296295
0.8388889
0.85555553
0.8537037
0.84814817
0.8537037
0.85555553
0.8537037
0.85555553
0.8537037
0.8574074
0.85555553
0.8574074
0.8574074
0.8611111
0.8574074
0.85925925
0.8611111

for i in range(1000):
    # 设置keep_drop为0.5
    sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={xs: X_train, ys: y_train, keep_prob: 0.5})
    if i % 50 == 0:
        # 输出正确率
        print (t_accuracy(X_test,y_test)) 

0.86851853
0.89444447
0.91481483
0.9166667
0.91481483
0.9222222
0.9259259
0.9222222
0.9296296
0.94074076
0.94074076
0.9351852
0.9351852
0.9351852
0.9351852
0.93333334
0.94074076
0.9351852
0.93703705
0.9351852

由上面的结果可知，当dropout为0.5时，效果明显比一点儿也不丢弃的好！

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