Python基础 数据类型 （字符串、列表、字典、元组、集合、堆、栈、树）

数据类型有整型、布尔、字符串、列表、字典、元组、集合、堆、栈和树。

1.整型：

整型就是数字

1. 数字表示

   • python2

     • 64位机器，范围-2^63~2^63-1

     • 超出上述范围，python自动转化为long(长整型)

       注：long(长整型)数字末尾有一个L

   • python3

     • 所有整型都是int，没有long(长整型)

2. 整型除法

   • python2:只能保留整数位
   • python3:可以保留所有内容

 十进制：
     200
 二进制：
   01010101010101

　二进制转十进制：

0010 0111
        1 * 2**0 + 1 * 2**1 + 1* 2**2 + 1 * 2**5 = 39

十进制转二进制：

     bin():其他进制转换成二进制 0b101
     oct():其他进制转换成八进制 0o7
     int():其他进制转换成十进制 10  （num,base=10)
     hex():其他进制转换成十六进制 0x13
     进制之间转换必须通过十进制再进行转换

十进制转其他进制，直接用内置函数强转，其他进制转十进制就麻烦一点

 a = '0b01011101'
 ret = int(a,base=2)   #这里的base的值必须和进制数相同
 print(ret)

 将ip = '192.168.12.79' 中的每个十进制转换成二进制：
 再将二进制转换成十进制
 lst = []
 lst1 = []
 ip = '192.168.12.79'
 for i in ip.split('.'):
     ret = bin(int(i))
     ret1 = lst.append(ret)
 for i in lst:
     i = i.replace('0b','')
     if len(i) == 8:
         lst1.append(i)
     else:
         i = i.replace(i,''*(8-len(i))+i)
         lst1.append(i)
 ret2 = ','.join(lst1).replace(',','')
 # print(ret2)  # 11000000101010000000110001001111
 ret3 = int(ret2,base=2)
 print(ret3)

查看二进制的有效位数：

 int
 i = 1000
 print(i.bit_length())

 结果： 10

2.bool布尔：
True
False

布尔值为False的情况：
非零即True：数字0
非空即True：''、[]、{}、（）、None

3.字符串（不可变类型）：
字符串源码：

1 class str(basestring):
  2     """
  3     str(object='') -> string
  4
  5     Return a nice string representation of the object.
  6     If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
  7     """
  8     def capitalize(self):
  9         """ 首字母变大写 """
 10         """
 11         S.capitalize() -> string
 12
 13         Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
 14         capitalized.
 15         """
 16         return ""
 17
 18     def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
 19         """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
 20         """
 21         S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 22
 23         Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
 24         done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
 25         """
 26         return ""
 27
 28     def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
 29         """ 子序列个数 """
 30         """
 31         S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 32
 33         Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
 34         string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 35         as in slice notation.
 36         """
 37         return 0
 38
 39     def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
 40         """ 解码 """
 41         """
 42         S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 43
 44         Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 45         to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 46         handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 47         a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 48         as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
 49         able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 50         """
 51         return object()
 52
 53     def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
 54         """ 编码，针对unicode """
 55         """
 56         S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 57
 58         Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 59         to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 60         handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 61         a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
 62         'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
 63         codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
 64         """
 65         return object()
 66
 67     def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
 68         """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
 69         """
 70         S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 71
 72         Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 73         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 74         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 75         suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 76         """
 77         return False
 78
 79     def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
 80         """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
 81         """
 82         S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
 83
 84         Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 85         If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 86         """
 87         return ""
 88
 89     def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
 90         """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1  """
 91         """
 92         S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 93
 94         Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
 95         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
 96         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 97
 98         Return -1 on failure.
 99         """
100         return 0
101
102     def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
103         """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
104         """
105         S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
106
107         Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
108         The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
109         """
110         pass
111
112     def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
113            """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """
114         S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
115
116         Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
117         """
118         return 0
119
120     def isalnum(self):
121         """ 是否是字母和数字 """
122         """
123         S.isalnum() -> bool
124
125         Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
126         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
127         """
128         return False
129
130     def isalpha(self):
131         """ 是否是字母 """
132         """
133         S.isalpha() -> bool
134
135         Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
136         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
137         """
138         return False
139
140     def isdigit(self):
141         """ 是否是数字 """
142         """
143         S.isdigit() -> bool
144
145         Return True if all characters in S are digits
146         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
147         """
148         return False
149
150     def islower(self):
151         """ 是否小写 """
152         """
153         S.islower() -> bool
154
155         Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
156         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
157         """
158         return False
159
160     def isspace(self):
161         """
162         S.isspace() -> bool
163
164         Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
165         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
166         """
167         return False
168
169     def istitle(self):
170         """
171         S.istitle() -> bool
172
173         Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
174         character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
175         characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
176         otherwise.
177         """
178         return False
179
180     def isupper(self):
181         """
182         S.isupper() -> bool
183
184         Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
185         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
186         """
187         return False
188
189     def join(self, iterable):
190         """ 连接 """
191         """
192         S.join(iterable) -> string
193
194         Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
195         iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
196         """
197         return ""
198
199     def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
200         """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
201         """
202         S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
203
204         Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
205         done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
206         """
207         return ""
208
209     def lower(self):
210         """ 变小写 """
211         """
212         S.lower() -> string
213
214         Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
215         """
216         return ""
217
218     def lstrip(self, chars=None):
219         """ 移除左侧空白 """
220         """
221         S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
222
223         Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
224         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
225         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
226         """
227         return ""
228
229     def partition(self, sep):
230         """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
231         """
232         S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
233
234         Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
235         the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
236         found, return S and two empty strings.
237         """
238         pass
239
240     def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
241         """ 替换 """
242         """
243         S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
244
245         Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
246         old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
247         given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
248         """
249         return ""
250
251     def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
252         """
253         S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
254
255         Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
256         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
257         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
258
259         Return -1 on failure.
260         """
261         return 0
262
263     def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
264         """
265         S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
266
267         Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
268         """
269         return 0
270
271     def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
272         """
273         S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
274
275         Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
276         done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
277         """
278         return ""
279
280     def rpartition(self, sep):
281         """
282         S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
283
284         Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
285         the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
286         separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
287         """
288         pass
289
290     def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
291         """
292         S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
293
294         Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
295         delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
296         to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
297         done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
298         is a separator.
299         """
300         return []
301
302     def rstrip(self, chars=None):
303         """
304         S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
305
306         Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
307         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
308         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
309         """
310         return ""
311
312     def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
313         """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
314         """
315         S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
316
317         Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
318         delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
319         splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
320         whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
321         from the result.
322         """
323         return []
324
325     def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
326         """ 根据换行分割 """
327         """
328         S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
329
330         Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
331         Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
332         is given and true.
333         """
334         return []
335
336     def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
337         """ 是否起始 """
338         """
339         S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
340
341         Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
342         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
343         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
344         prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
345         """
346         return False
347
348     def strip(self, chars=None):
349         """ 移除两段空白 """
350         """
351         S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
352
353         Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
354         whitespace removed.
355         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
356         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
357         """
358         return ""
359
360     def swapcase(self):
361         """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
362         """
363         S.swapcase() -> string
364
365         Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
366         converted to lowercase and vice versa.
367         """
368         return ""
369
370     def title(self):
371         """
372         S.title() -> string
373
374         Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
375         characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
376         """
377         return ""
378
379     def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
380         """
381         转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
382         intab = "aeiou"
383         outtab = ""
384         trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
385         str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
386         print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
387         """
388
389         """
390         S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
391
392         Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
393         in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
394         remaining characters have been mapped through the given
395         translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
396         If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
397         the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
398         """
399         return ""
400
401     def upper(self):
402         """
403         S.upper() -> string
404
405         Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
406         """
407         return ""
408
409     def zfill(self, width):
410         """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
411         """
412         S.zfill(width) -> string
413
414         Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
415         of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
416         """
417         return ""
418
419     def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
420         pass
421
422     def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
423         pass
424
425     def __add__(self, y):
426         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
427         pass
428
429     def __contains__(self, y):
430         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
431         pass
432
433     def __eq__(self, y):
434         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
435         pass
436
437     def __format__(self, format_spec):
438         """
439         S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
440
441         Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
442         """
443         return ""
444
445     def __getattribute__(self, name):
446         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
447         pass
448
449     def __getitem__(self, y):
450         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
451         pass
452
453     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
454         pass
455
456     def __getslice__(self, i, j):
457         """
458         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
459
460                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
461         """
462         pass
463
464     def __ge__(self, y):
465         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
466         pass
467
468     def __gt__(self, y):
469         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
470         pass
471
472     def __hash__(self):
473         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
474         pass
475
476     def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
477         """
478         str(object='') -> string
479
480         Return a nice string representation of the object.
481         If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
482         # (copied from class doc)
483         """
484         pass
485
486     def __len__(self):
487         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
488         pass
489
490     def __le__(self, y):
491         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
492         pass
493
494     def __lt__(self, y):
495         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
496         pass
497
498     def __mod__(self, y):
499         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
500         pass
501
502     def __mul__(self, n):
503         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
504         pass
505
506     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
507     def __new__(S, *more):
508         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
509         pass
510
511     def __ne__(self, y):
512         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
513         pass
514
515     def __repr__(self):
516         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
517         pass
518
519     def __rmod__(self, y):
520         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
521         pass
522
523     def __rmul__(self, n):
524         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
525         pass
526
527     def __sizeof__(self):
528         """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
529         pass
530
531     def __str__(self):
532         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
533         pass

  4.列表（可变类型）

 class list(object):
     """
     list() -> new empty list
     list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
     """
     def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
         pass

     def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
         return 0

     def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
         pass

     def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """
         L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
         """
         return 0

     def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
         pass

     def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """
         L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
         Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
         """
         pass

     def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """
         L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
         """
         pass

     def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
         pass

     def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """
         L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
         cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
         """
         pass

     def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
         pass

     def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
         pass

     def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
         pass

     def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """
         x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]

                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
         """
         pass

     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
         pass

     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
         pass

     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
         pass

     def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """
         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]

                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
         """
         pass

     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
         pass

     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
         pass

     def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
         pass

     def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
         pass

     def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
         """
         list() -> new empty list
         list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
         # (copied from class doc)
         """
         pass

     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
         pass

     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
         pass

     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
         pass

     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
         pass

     def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
         pass

     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
         pass

     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
         pass

     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
         pass

     def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
         pass

     def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
         pass

     def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
         pass

     def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """
         x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y

                    Use  of negative indices is not supported.
         """
         pass

     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
         """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
         pass

     __hash__ = None

• 公共
  • 索引
  • 切片
  • 步长
  • 修改
  • 删除 del
  • for
  • len
• 独有
  • append
  • insert
  • pop
  • remove
  • clear
• 列表嵌套

5.元组 （不可变类型）

• 公共

  • 索引
  • 切片
  • 步长
  • for
  • len

• 独有功能（无）

• 元组嵌套

6. 栈

 class Stack(object):
     """
     后进先出
     """
     def __init__(self):
         self.data_list = []

     def push(self, val):
         """
         向栈中压入一个数据（入栈）
         :param val:
         :return:
         """
         self.data_list.append(val)

     def pop(self):
         """
         从栈中拿走一个数据（出栈）
         :return:
         """
         return self.data_list.pop()

class Stack(object):
    def __init__(self,):
        self.list = []

    def push(self):
        num = int(input('>>>'))
        for i in range(num):
            self.list.append(i)
        for item in self.list:
            print(item)

    def out(self):
        for i in range(len(self.list)):
            ret = self.list.pop()
            print('stack_out:',ret)
s1 = Stack()
s1.push()
s1.out()

7.  队列

 from collections import deque
 class Queue(object):
     def __init__(self,):
         self.list = []

     def push(self):
         num = int(input('>>>'))
         for i in range(num+1):
             self.list.append(i)
         for item in self.list:
             print(item)

     def out(self):
         v = deque(self.list)  #列表
         for i in range(len(self.list)):
             ret = v.popleft()
             print(ret)

 q = Queue()
 q.push()
 q.out()

8. 返回值判断

无返回值:
    append
    insert
    remove

仅有返回值
    strip
    split
    join
    replace
    upper
    lower

    get
    keys
    values
    items
有返回值+修改数据
    pop