Python之读写Excel

现有的Excel分为两种格式：xls（Excel 97-2003）和xlsx（Excel 2007及以上）。

Python处理Excel文件主要是第三方模块库xlrd、xlwt、pyexcel-xls、xluntils和pyExcel-erator等，此外Pandas中也带有可以读取Excel文件的模块（read_excel）。

基于扩展知识的目的，本文使用xlrd模块读取Excel数据。

[安装]

# 读取
pip install xlrd
# 写入
pip install xlwt

xlrd使用:

import xlrd  # 导入库
# 打开文件
xlsx = xlrd.open_workbook('demo.xlsx')
# 查看所有sheet列表
print('All sheets: %s' % xlsx.sheet_names())

如果只有一个sheet的话, 会输出:
All sheets: ['Sheet1']

查看sheet中数据
sheet1 = xlsx.sheets()[0]    # 获得第1张sheet，索引从0开始
sheet1_name = sheet1.name    # 获得名称
sheet1_cols = sheet1.ncols   # 获得列数
sheet1_nrows = sheet1.nrows  # 获得行数
print('Sheet1 Name: %s\nSheet1 cols: %s\nSheet1 rows: %s' % (sheet1_name, sheet1_cols, sheet1_nrows))
输出:
sheet1 = xlsx.sheets()[0]    # 获得第1张sheet，索引从0开始
sheet1_name = sheet1.name    # 获得名称
sheet1_cols = sheet1.ncols   # 获得列数
sheet1_nrows = sheet1.nrows  # 获得行数
print('Sheet1 Name: %s\nSheet1 cols: %s\nSheet1 rows: %s' % (sheet1_name, sheet1_cols, sheet1_nrows))

查看sheet每行数据明细:
for i in range(sheet1_nrows):  # 逐行打印sheet1数据
    print(sheet1.row_values(i))

输出:

['ID_number', 'Status', 'Create_Time', 'Business_City']
['431381198109106573', '有效', 42725.0, '深圳市']
['431381198809122734', '有效', 42725.0, '深圳市']
…
['431381198901176911', '有效', 42725.0, '深圳市']
['43138119870827275X', '有效', 42725.0, '深圳市']

　　上述操作只是将数据从Excel中读取出来，将读取的数据转换为数组便可以进行矩阵计算。由于矩阵计算大多是基于数值型数据实现的，因此上述数据将无法适用于大多数科学计算场景，这点需要注意。

xlwt使用:

import xlwt
# 创建一个workbook 设置编码
workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'utf-8')
# 创建一个worksheet
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')

# 写入excel
# 参数对应 行, 列, 值
worksheet.write(1,0, label = 'this is test')

# 保存
workbook.save('Excel_test.xls')

　　更多demo:

import xlwt

workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # 初始化样式
font = xlwt.Font() # 为样式创建字体
font.name = 'Times New Roman'
font.bold = True # 黑体
font.underline = True # 下划线
font.italic = True # 斜体字
style.font = font # 设定样式
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Unformatted value') # 不带样式的写入

worksheet.write(1, 0, 'Formatted value', style) # 带样式的写入

workbook.save('formatting.xls') # 保存文件

设置单元格宽度:

import xlwt

workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0,'My Cell Contents')

# 设置单元格宽度
worksheet.col(0).width = 3333
workbook.save('cell_width.xls')

输入日期到单元格:
import xlwt
import datetime
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
style = xlwt.XFStyle()
style.num_format_str = 'M/D/YY' # Other options: D-MMM-YY, D-MMM, MMM-YY, h:mm, h:mm:ss, h:mm, h:mm:ss, M/D/YY h:mm, mm:ss, [h]:mm:ss, mm:ss.0
worksheet.write(0, 0, datetime.datetime.now(), style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

向单元格添加公式:
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, 5) # Outputs 5
worksheet.write(0, 1, 2) # Outputs 2
worksheet.write(1, 0, xlwt.Formula('A1*B1')) # Should output "10" (A1[5] * A2[2])
worksheet.write(1, 1, xlwt.Formula('SUM(A1,B1)')) # Should output "7" (A1[5] + A2[2])
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

单元格添加超链接:
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, xlwt.Formula('HYPERLINK("http://www.google.com";"Google")')) # Outputs the text "Google" linking to http://www.google.com
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

合并列和行:
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write_merge(0, 0, 0, 3, 'First Merge') # Merges row 0's columns 0 through 3.
font = xlwt.Font() # Create Font
font.bold = True # Set font to Bold
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.font = font # Add Bold Font to Style
worksheet.write_merge(1, 2, 0, 3, 'Second Merge', style) # Merges row 1 through 2's columns 0 through 3.
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

设置单元格内容的对齐方式:
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
alignment = xlwt.Alignment() # Create Alignment
alignment.horz = xlwt.Alignment.HORZ_CENTER # May be: HORZ_GENERAL, HORZ_LEFT, HORZ_CENTER, HORZ_RIGHT, HORZ_FILLED, HORZ_JUSTIFIED, HORZ_CENTER_ACROSS_SEL, HORZ_DISTRIBUTED
alignment.vert = xlwt.Alignment.VERT_CENTER # May be: VERT_TOP, VERT_CENTER, VERT_BOTTOM, VERT_JUSTIFIED, VERT_DISTRIBUTED
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.alignment = alignment # Add Alignment to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

为单元格添加边框:
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
borders = xlwt.Borders() # Create Borders
borders.left = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
    DASHED虚线
    NO_LINE没有
    THIN实线

# May be: NO_LINE, THIN, MEDIUM, DASHED, DOTTED, THICK, DOUBLE, HAIR, MEDIUM_DASHED, THIN_DASH_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, THIN_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, SLANTED_MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, or 0x00 through 0x0D.
borders.right = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.top = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.bottom = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.left_colour = 0x40
borders.right_colour = 0x40
borders.top_colour = 0x40
borders.bottom_colour = 0x40
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.borders = borders # Add Borders to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

单元格设置背景色:

import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
pattern = xlwt.Pattern() # Create the Pattern
pattern.pattern = xlwt.Pattern.SOLID_PATTERN # May be: NO_PATTERN, SOLID_PATTERN, or 0x00 through 0x12
pattern.pattern_fore_colour = 5 # May be: 8 through 63. 0 = Black, 1 = White, 2 = Red, 3 = Green, 4 = Blue, 5 = Yellow, 6 = Magenta, 7 = Cyan, 16 = Maroon, 17 = Dark Green, 18 = Dark Blue, 19 = Dark Yellow , almost brown), 20 = Dark Magenta, 21 = Teal, 22 = Light Gray, 23 = Dark Gray, the list goes on...
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Pattern
style.pattern = pattern # Add Pattern to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

　　

pyexcel-xls (https://pypi.org/project/pyexcel-xls/)

pyexcel-xls 以 OrderedDict 结构处理数据，将整个excel文件转化为一个OrderedDict (有序字典)结构：每个key就是一个子表（Sheet）。

每个子表（Sheet），转化为一个列表结构：很像二维数组，第一层列表为行（Row），行的下标为列（Column），对应的值为单元格的值。

编码为 unicode，如果有中文必须进行转换。

[安装]

pip install pyexcel-xls

[使用]

from collections import OrderedDict
from pyexcel_xls import save_data, get_data
import json

# 读取文件
def read_xls_file():
    data = get_data(r'./clubs.xlsx')
    json_data = json.dumps(data, ensure_ascii=False)  # key为sheet名称 value为数据
    print(type(data), json_data)
    for sheet in data.keys():
        print(sheet, ':', data[sheet])

# 写入文件
def write_xls_file():
    data = OrderedDict()
    sheet1 = []
    row1_data = ['id', 'name', 'level']
    row2_data = [1, 'lx', 'high']
    sheet1.append(row1_data)
    sheet1.append(row2_data)
    data.update({'Sheet1': sheet1})
    save_data('./writefile.xls', data)