（数据挖掘-入门-3）基于用户的协同过滤之k近邻

主要内容：

1、k近邻

2、python实现

1、什么是k近邻（KNN）

在入门-1中，简单地实现了基于用户协同过滤的最近邻算法，所谓最近邻，就是找到距离最近或最相似的用户，将他的物品推荐出来。

而这里，k近邻（K Nearest Neighbor）的意思就是，找出最近或最相似的k个用户，将他们的评分（相似度权重求和）最高的几个物品进行推荐。

2、python实现

代码中有两个数据集，

一个是直接写在的代码中的users；

一个是包含在BX-Book-Ratings.csv、BX-Books.csv、BX-Users.csv文件中；（下载地址：http://www.guidetodatamining.com/assets/data/BX-Dump.zip）

代码：

import codecs
from math import sqrt

users = {"Angelica": {"Blues Traveler": 3.5, "Broken Bells": 2.0,
                      "Norah Jones": 4.5, "Phoenix": 5.0,
                      "Slightly Stoopid": 1.5,
                      "The Strokes": 2.5, "Vampire Weekend": 2.0},

         "Bill":{"Blues Traveler": 2.0, "Broken Bells": 3.5,
                 "Deadmau5": 4.0, "Phoenix": 2.0,
                 "Slightly Stoopid": 3.5, "Vampire Weekend": 3.0},

         "Chan": {"Blues Traveler": 5.0, "Broken Bells": 1.0,
                  "Deadmau5": 1.0, "Norah Jones": 3.0, "Phoenix": 5,
                  "Slightly Stoopid": 1.0},

         "Dan": {"Blues Traveler": 3.0, "Broken Bells": 4.0,
                 "Deadmau5": 4.5, "Phoenix": 3.0,
                 "Slightly Stoopid": 4.5, "The Strokes": 4.0,
                 "Vampire Weekend": 2.0},

         "Hailey": {"Broken Bells": 4.0, "Deadmau5": 1.0,
                    "Norah Jones": 4.0, "The Strokes": 4.0,
                    "Vampire Weekend": 1.0},

         "Jordyn":  {"Broken Bells": 4.5, "Deadmau5": 4.0,
                     "Norah Jones": 5.0, "Phoenix": 5.0,
                     "Slightly Stoopid": 4.5, "The Strokes": 4.0,
                     "Vampire Weekend": 4.0},

         "Sam": {"Blues Traveler": 5.0, "Broken Bells": 2.0,
                 "Norah Jones": 3.0, "Phoenix": 5.0,
                 "Slightly Stoopid": 4.0, "The Strokes": 5.0},

         "Veronica": {"Blues Traveler": 3.0, "Norah Jones": 5.0,
                      "Phoenix": 4.0, "Slightly Stoopid": 2.5,
                      "The Strokes": 3.0}
        }

class recommender:

    def __init__(self, data, k=1, metric='pearson', n=5):
        """ initialize recommender
        currently, if data is dictionary the recommender is initialized
        to it.
        For all other data types of data, no initialization occurs
        k is the k value for k nearest neighbor
        metric is which distance formula to use
        n is the maximum number of recommendations to make"""
        self.k = k
        self.n = n
        self.username2id = {}
        self.userid2name = {}
        self.productid2name = {}
        # for some reason I want to save the name of the metric
        self.metric = metric
        if self.metric == 'pearson':
            self.fn = self.pearson
        #
        # if data is dictionary set recommender data to it
        #
        if type(data).__name__ == 'dict':
            self.data = data

    def convertProductID2name(self, id):
        """Given product id number return product name"""
        if id in self.productid2name:
            return self.productid2name[id]
        else:
            return id

    def userRatings(self, id, n):
        """Return n top ratings for user with id"""
        print ("Ratings for " + self.userid2name[id])
        ratings = self.data[id]
        print(len(ratings))
        ratings = list(ratings.items())
        ratings = [(self.convertProductID2name(k), v)
                   for (k, v) in ratings]
        # finally sort and return
        ratings.sort(key=lambda artistTuple: artistTuple[1],
                     reverse = True)
        ratings = ratings[:n]
        for rating in ratings:
            print("%s\t%i" % (rating[0], rating[1]))

    def loadBookDB(self, path=''):
        """loads the BX book dataset. Path is where the BX files are
        located"""
        self.data = {}
        i = 0
        #
        # First load book ratings into self.data
        #
        f = codecs.open(path + "BX-Book-Ratings.csv", 'r', 'utf8')
        for line in f:
            i += 1
            #separate line into fields
            fields = line.split(';')
            user = fields[0].strip('"')
            book = fields[1].strip('"')
            rating = int(fields[2].strip().strip('"'))
            if user in self.data:
                currentRatings = self.data[user]
            else:
                currentRatings = {}
            currentRatings[book] = rating
            self.data[user] = currentRatings
        f.close()
        #
        # Now load books into self.productid2name
        # Books contains isbn, title, and author among other fields
        #
        f = codecs.open(path + "BX-Books.csv", 'r', 'utf8')
        for line in f:
            i += 1
            #separate line into fields
            fields = line.split(';')
            isbn = fields[0].strip('"')
            title = fields[1].strip('"')
            author = fields[2].strip().strip('"')
            title = title + ' by ' + author
            self.productid2name[isbn] = title
        f.close()
        #
        #  Now load user info into both self.userid2name and
        #  self.username2id
        #
        f = codecs.open(path + "BX-Users.csv", 'r', 'utf8')
        for line in f:
            i += 1
            #print(line)
            #separate line into fields
            fields = line.split(';')
            userid = fields[0].strip('"')
            location = fields[1].strip('"')
            if len(fields) > 3:
                age = fields[2].strip().strip('"')
            else:
                age = 'NULL'
            if age != 'NULL':
                value = location + '  (age: ' + age + ')'
            else:
                value = location
            self.userid2name[userid] = value
            self.username2id[location] = userid
        f.close()
        print(i)

    def pearson(self, rating1, rating2):
        sum_xy = 0
        sum_x = 0
        sum_y = 0
        sum_x2 = 0
        sum_y2 = 0
        n = 0
        for key in rating1:
            if key in rating2:
                n += 1
                x = rating1[key]
                y = rating2[key]
                sum_xy += x * y
                sum_x += x
                sum_y += y
                sum_x2 += pow(x, 2)
                sum_y2 += pow(y, 2)
        if n == 0:
            return 0
        # now compute denominator
        denominator = (sqrt(sum_x2 - pow(sum_x, 2) / n)
                       * sqrt(sum_y2 - pow(sum_y, 2) / n))
        if denominator == 0:
            return 0
        else:
            return (sum_xy - (sum_x * sum_y) / n) / denominator

    def computeNearestNeighbor(self, username):
        """creates a sorted list of users based on their distance to
        username"""
        distances = []
        for instance in self.data:
            if instance != username:
                distance = self.fn(self.data[username],
                                   self.data[instance])
                distances.append((instance, distance))
        # sort based on distance -- closest first
        distances.sort(key=lambda artistTuple: artistTuple[1],
                       reverse=True)
        return distances

    def recommend(self, user):
       """Give list of recommendations"""
       recommendations = {}
       # first get list of users  ordered by nearness
       nearest = self.computeNearestNeighbor(user)
       #
       # now get the ratings for the user
       #
       userRatings = self.data[user]
       #
       # determine the total distance
       totalDistance = 0.0
       for i in range(self.k):
          totalDistance += nearest[i][1]
       # now iterate through the k nearest neighbors
       # accumulating their ratings
       for i in range(self.k):
          # compute slice of pie
          weight = nearest[i][1] / totalDistance
          # get the name of the person
          name = nearest[i][0]
          # get the ratings for this person
          neighborRatings = self.data[name]
          # get the name of the person
          # now find bands neighbor rated that user didn't
          for artist in neighborRatings:
             if not artist in userRatings:
                if artist not in recommendations:
                   recommendations[artist] = (neighborRatings[artist]
                                              * weight)
                else:
                   recommendations[artist] = (recommendations[artist]
                                              + neighborRatings[artist]
                                              * weight)
       # now make list from dictionary
       recommendations = list(recommendations.items())
       recommendations = [(self.convertProductID2name(k), v)
                          for (k, v) in recommendations]
       # finally sort and return
       recommendations.sort(key=lambda artistTuple: artistTuple[1],
                            reverse = True)
       # Return the first n items
       return recommendations[:self.n]

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # users as dataset
    r=recommender(users)
    print r.recommend('Jordyn')
    print r.recommend('Hailey')

    # file as dataset
    r.loadBookDB('BX-Dump/BX-Dump/')
    print r.recommend('')

    print r.userRatings('', 5)