130. Surrounded Regions

题目：

Given a 2D board containing 'X' and 'O', capture all regions surrounded by 'X'.

A region is captured by flipping all 'O's into 'X's in that surrounded region.

For example,

X X X X
X O O X
X X O X
X O X X

After running your function, the board should be:

X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X O X X

链接：   http://leetcode.com/problems/surrounded-regions/

题解：

第一思路是从四条边的'O'开始做BFS，类似查找Connected Components或者图像处理里面的Region Grow。把找到的'O'标记为一个特殊符号比如'1'之类的。BFS结束后scan整个矩阵，把剩下的'O'变成'X'，'1'变回'O'。

Time Complexity - O(mn)， Space Complexity - O(mn)

public class Solution {
    public void solve(char[][] board) {
        if(board == null || board.length == 0)
            return;
        Queue<Node> q = new LinkedList<>();

        for(int i = 0; i < board.length; i++)  // first col
            if(board[i][0] == 'O')
                q.offer(new Node(i, 0));

        for(int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) // last col
            if(board[i][board[0].length - 1] == 'O')
                q.offer(new Node(i, board[0].length - 1));

        for(int i = 1; i < board[0].length - 1; i++)   // first row
            if(board[0][i] == 'O')
                q.offer(new Node(0, i));

        for(int i = 1; i < board[0].length - 1; i++)   // last row
            if(board[board.length - 1][i] == 'O')
                q.offer(new Node(board.length - 1, i));

        while(!q.isEmpty()) {
            Node curNode = q.poll();
            if(curNode.row < 0 || curNode.row >= board.length || curNode.col >= board[0].length || curNode.col < 0)
                continue;
            if(board[curNode.row][curNode.col] != 'O')
                continue;
            board[curNode.row][curNode.col] = '|';
            q.offer(new Node(curNode.row - 1, curNode.col));
            q.offer(new Node(curNode.row + 1, curNode.col));
            q.offer(new Node(curNode.row, curNode.col + 1));
            q.offer(new Node(curNode.row, curNode.col - 1));
        }       

        for(int i = 0; i < board.length; i++)
            for(int j = 0; j < board[0].length; j++)
                if(board[i][j] == 'O')
                    board[i][j] = 'X';

        for(int i = 0; i < board.length; i++)
            for(int j = 0; j < board[0].length; j++)
                if(board[i][j] == '|')
                    board[i][j] = 'O';
    }

     private class Node {
        public int row;
        public int col;
        public Node(int i, int j) {
            this.row = i;
            this.col = j;
        }
    }
}

代码有些长，有空一定要看一看discuss版简洁的解法，再来更新。 (看了一下好像大家写得也都比较长...算了先不更新了，Reference里的文章跟我的解法一样，不过说明更详细准备，挺好的)。

题外话: 今天Work from home去洗牙，洗完牙以后医生说你最里面的大牙蛀了，裂了一条缝，需要补。长这么大第一次蛀牙，前些天总觉得不舒服，勤刷牙也无济于事。赶紧跟医生约好下周去补，拖延的话也许就要根管了。之后去Costco买了葡萄苹果和香蕉，家里还有三个桃子，可以靠吃水果度日。

中午两点的时候兴业银行电面，法国人问了一些基本的OO问题，还有SQL问题，20多分钟就结束了，感觉双方兴趣都不大...对这些银行，我要奉行不主动，不拒绝，他们有兴趣我就面，就当熟悉简历和练口语了。

二刷:

重新写了一下，要先建立一个Node来保存坐标。然后使用一个Queue来对Node进行BFS。下面的写法里面有不少多余的计算，需要进一步好好剪枝。

Java:

Time Complexity - O(4^mn)， Space Complexity - O(4^mn)

public class Solution {
    public void solve(char[][] board) {         // BFS
        if (board == null || board.length == 0) return;
        Queue<Node> q = new LinkedList<>();
        int rowNum = board.length;
        int colNum = board[0].length;
        for (int i = 0; i < board.length; i++) {
            if (board[i][0] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(i, 0));
            if (board[i][colNum - 1] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(i, colNum - 1));
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < board[0].length; j++) {
            if (board[0][j] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(0, j));
            if (board[rowNum - 1][j] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(rowNum - 1, j));
        }

        while (!q.isEmpty()) {
            Node node = q.poll();
            int i = node.row, j = node.col;
            if (board[i][j] != 'O') continue;
            board[i][j] = '|';
            if (i - 1 >= 0 && board[i - 1][j] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(i - 1, j));
            if (i + 1 <= rowNum - 1 && board[i + 1][j] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(i + 1, j));
            if (j - 1 >= 0 && board[i][j - 1] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(i, j - 1));
            if (j + 1 <= colNum - 1 && board[i][j + 1] == 'O') q.offer(new Node(i, j + 1));
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < rowNum; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < colNum; j++) {
                if (board[i][j] == 'O') board[i][j] = 'X';
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < rowNum; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < colNum; j++) {
                if (board[i][j] == '|') board[i][j] = 'O';
            }
        }
    }

    private class Node {
        int row;
        int col;

        public Node(int i, int j) {
            this.row = i;
            this.col = j;
        }
    }
}

三刷:

依然使用了BFS，简化了一下。速度仍然不是很快，大约9ms左右。需要进一步优化，或者尝试Union-Find和DFS。

Java:

Time Complexity - O(mn)， Space Complexity - O(mn)

public class Solution {
    public void solve(char[][] board) {         // BFS
        if (board == null || board.length == 0) return;
        Queue<int[]> q = new LinkedList<>();
        int rowNum = board.length;
        int colNum = board[0].length;
        for (int i = 0; i < rowNum; i++) {
            if (board[i][0] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {i, 0});
            if (board[i][colNum - 1] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {i, colNum - 1});
        }
        for (int j = 1; j < colNum - 1; j++) {
            if (board[0][j] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {0, j});
            if (board[rowNum - 1][j] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {rowNum - 1, j});
        }

        while (!q.isEmpty()) {
            int[] node = q.poll();
            int i = node[0], j = node[1];
            if (board[i][j] != 'O') continue;
            board[i][j] = '|';
            if (i - 1 >= 0 && board[i - 1][j] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {i - 1, j});
            if (i + 1 <= rowNum - 1 && board[i + 1][j] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {i + 1, j});
            if (j - 1 >= 0 && board[i][j - 1] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {i, j - 1});
            if (j + 1 <= colNum - 1 && board[i][j + 1] == 'O') q.offer(new int[] {i, j + 1});
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < rowNum; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < colNum; j++) {
                if (board[i][j] == 'O') board[i][j] = 'X';
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < rowNum; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < colNum; j++) {
                if (board[i][j] == '|') board[i][j] = 'O';
            }
        }
    }
}

Reference：

https://leetcode.com/discuss/19805/my-java-o-n-2-accepted-solution

https://leetcode.com/discuss/97838/share-my-4ms-improved-solution-beats-99-5%25

https://leetcode.com/discuss/42445/a-really-simple-and-readable-c-solution%EF%BC%8Conly-cost-12ms

https://leetcode.com/discuss/6285/solve-it-using-union-find

https://leetcode.com/discuss/45746/9-lines-python-148-ms