(转)DataMatrix编码2——伽罗华域运算

原文出处:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4572df4e01019wsj.html

伽罗华域即有限域，RS编码在此域中进行运算，故不得不对其有所了解。DataMatrix的数据码字、及纠正码字等均是属于GF(2^8)中的符号，其空间大小为256。有限域的一个特征是，其符号（元素）运算的结果，仍属于该域。除了0、1外，另外254个符号，均由本原多项式P(x)生成，DataMatrix规则中，P(x)=x^8+x^5+x^3+x^2+1，设α为P(x)的根，α^8+α^5+α^3+α^2+1=0，由于伽罗华域的加法为异或算法，故α^8=α^5+α^3+α^2+1。
  GF(2^8)符号的表示形式如下：

计算机运算时，需要用相关算法将整个GF的所有符号的数值表示列表出来，结果如下：
alphaTo=
{ 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 45, 90, 180, 69, 138, 57, 114, 228,
229, 231, 227, 235, 251, 219, 155, 27, 54, 108, 216, 157, 23, 46, 92, 184,
93, 186, 89, 178, 73, 146, 9, 18, 36, 72, 144, 13, 26, 52, 104, 208,
141, 55, 110, 220, 149, 7, 14, 28, 56, 112, 224, 237, 247, 195, 171, 123,
246, 193, 175, 115, 230, 225, 239, 243, 203, 187, 91, 182, 65, 130, 41, 82,
164, 101, 202, 185, 95, 190, 81, 162, 105, 210, 137, 63, 126, 252, 213, 135,
35, 70, 140, 53, 106, 212, 133, 39, 78, 156, 21, 42, 84, 168, 125, 250,
217, 159, 19, 38, 76, 152, 29, 58, 116, 232, 253, 215, 131, 43, 86, 172,
117, 234, 249, 223, 147, 11, 22, 44, 88, 176, 77, 154, 25, 50, 100, 200,
189, 87, 174, 113, 226, 233, 255, 211, 139, 59, 118, 236, 245, 199, 163, 107,
214, 129, 47, 94, 188, 85, 170, 121, 242, 201, 191, 83, 166, 97, 194, 169,
127, 254, 209, 143, 51, 102, 204, 181, 71, 142, 49, 98, 196, 165, 103, 206,
177, 79, 158, 17, 34, 68, 136, 61, 122, 244, 197, 167, 99, 198, 161, 111,
222, 145, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 205, 183, 67, 134, 33, 66, 132, 37, 74,
148, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 109, 218, 153, 31, 62, 124, 248, 221, 151,
3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 173, 119, 238, 241, 207, 179, 75, 150, 0 }
同时，将各符号的指数也列表出来：
expOf=
{ 255, 0, 1, 240, 2, 225, 241, 53, 3, 38, 226, 133, 242, 43, 54, 210,
4, 195, 39, 114, 227, 106, 134, 28, 243, 140, 44, 23, 55, 118, 211, 234,
5, 219, 196, 96, 40, 222, 115, 103, 228, 78, 107, 125, 135, 8, 29, 162,
244, 186, 141, 180, 45, 99, 24, 49, 56, 13, 119, 153, 212, 199, 235, 91,
6, 76, 220, 217, 197, 11, 97, 184, 41, 36, 223, 253, 116, 138, 104, 193,
229, 86, 79, 171, 108, 165, 126, 145, 136, 34, 9, 74, 30, 32, 163, 84,
245, 173, 187, 204, 142, 81, 181, 190, 46, 88, 100, 159, 25, 231, 50, 207,
57, 147, 14, 67, 120, 128, 154, 248, 213, 167, 200, 63, 236, 110, 92, 176,
7, 161, 77, 124, 221, 102, 218, 95, 198, 90, 12, 152, 98, 48, 185, 179,
42, 209, 37, 132, 224, 52, 254, 239, 117, 233, 139, 22, 105, 27, 194, 113,
230, 206, 87, 158, 80, 189, 172, 203, 109, 175, 166, 62, 127, 247, 146, 66,
137, 192, 35, 252, 10, 183, 75, 216, 31, 83, 33, 73, 164, 144, 85, 170,
246, 65, 174, 61, 188, 202, 205, 157, 143, 169, 82, 72, 182, 215, 191, 251,
47, 178, 89, 151, 101, 94, 160, 123, 26, 112, 232, 21, 51, 238, 208, 131,
58, 69, 148, 18, 15, 16, 68, 17, 121, 149, 129, 19, 155, 59, 249, 70,
214, 250, 168, 71, 201, 156, 64, 60, 237, 130, 111, 20, 93, 122, 177, 150 }
符号的运算：
a+b：=a^b，例如66+67=66^67=1
a*b：1、两指数相加，2、Mod（255）,3、求新指数对应的符号，例如66*67，指数分别为expOf(66)=220、expOf(67)=217，新指数为182，对应符号alphaTo(182)=204，即66*67=204。

GF(2^8)空间的生成算法如下：

int MM = 8;
int NN = 255;
int alphaToMM = 45;//α^8=α^5+α^3+α^2+1
int* alphaTo = new int[NN+1];
int* expOf = new int[NN+1];

alphaTo[MM] = alphaToMM;
expOf[alphaToMM] = MM;
alphaTo[NN] = 0;
expOf[0] = NN;

int i, shift;
shift = 1;
for(i=0; i<MM; i++){
alphaTo[i] = shift;//2^i
expOf[alphaTo[i]] = i;
shift <<= 1;
}
shift = 128;
for(i=MM+1; i<NN; i++){
if(alphaTo[i-1] >= shift){
alphaTo[i] = alphaTo[MM] ^ ((alphaTo[i-1]^shift)<<1);//alphaTo[i-1]*alpha+alpha^8
}else{
alphaTo[i] = alphaTo[i-1]<<1;
}
expOf[alphaTo[i]] = i;
}