Chap5:操作文件和目录[The Linux Command Line]

Wildcards

Wildcard	Meaning
*	Matches any characters
?	Matches any single character
[characters]	Matches any character that is a member of the set characters
[!characters]	Matches any character that is not a member of the set characters
[[:class:]]	Matches any character that is a member of the specified class

Commonly Used Character Classes

Character Class	Meaning
[:alnum:]	Matches any alphanumeric character
[:alpha:]	Matches any alphabetic character
[:digit:]	Matches any numeral
[:lower:]	Matches any lowercase letter
[:upper:]	Matches any uppercase letter

Wildcard Examples

Pattern	Matches
*	All files
g*	All file beginning with "g"
b*.txt	Any file beginning with "b" followed by any characters and ending with ".txt"
Data???	Any file beginning with "Data" followed by exactly three characters
[abc]*	Any file beginning with either an "a", a "b", or a "c"
BACKUP.[0-9][0-9][0-9]	Any file beginning with "BACKUP." followed by exactly three numerals
[[:upper:]]*	Any file beginning with an uppercase letter
[![:digit:]]*	Any file not beginning with a numeral
*[[:lower:]123]	Any file ending with a lowercase letter or the numerals "1", "2", or "3"

cp-Copy files and directories

cp Options

Option	Meaning
-a, --archive	Copy the files and directories and all of their attributes, including ownerships and permissions. Normally, copies take on the default attributes of the user performing the copy
-i, --interactive	Before overwriting an existing file, prompt the user for confirmation. If this option is not specified, cp will silently overwrite files.
-r, --recursive	Recursively copy directories and their contents. This option (or the -a option) is required when copying directories.
-u, --update	When copying files from one directory to another, only copy files that either don't exist, or are newer than the existing corresponding files, in the destination directory.
-v, --verbose	Display informative messages as the copy is performed.

cp Examples

Command	Results
cp file1 file2	Copy file1 to file2. If file2 exists, it is overwritten with the contents of file1. If file2 does not exist, it is created.
cp -i file1 file2	Same as above, except that if file2 exists, the user is prompted before it is overwritten.
cp file1 file2 dir1	Copy file1 and file2 into directory dir1. dir1 must already exist.
cp dir1/* dir2	Using a wildcard, all the files in dir1 are copied into dir2. dir2 must already exist.
cp -r dir1 dir2	Copy the contents of directory dir1 to directory dir2. If directory dir2 does not exist, it is created and, after the copy, will contain the same contents as directory dir1. If directory dir2 does exist, then directory dir1 (and its contents) will be copied into dir2.

mv-Move/rename files and directories

mv options

Option	Meaning
-i --interactive	Before overwriting an existing file, prompt the user for confirmation. If this option is not specified, mv command will silently overwrite files
-u --update	When moving files from one directory to another, only move files that either don't exist, or are newer than the existing corresponding files in the destination directory.
-v --verbose	Display informative messages as the move is performed.

mv Examples

mv file1 file2	Move file1 to file2. If file2 exists, it is overwritten with the contents of files. If file2 does not exist, it is created. In either case, file1 ceases to exist.
mv -i file1 file2	Same as above, except that if file2 exists, the user is prompted before it is overwritten.
mv file1 file2 dir1	Move file1 and file2 into dirctory dir1. dir1 must already exist.
mv dir1 dir2	if directory dir2 does not exist, create directory dir2 and move the contents of directory dir1 into dir2 and delete directory dir1. if directory dir2 does exist, move directory dir1 (and its contents) into directory dir2.

mkdir-Create directories

rm Options

Option	Meaning
-i, --interactive	Before deleting an existing file, prompt the user for confirmation. If this option is not specified, rm will silently delete files.
-r, --recursive	Recursively delete directories. This means that if a directory being deleted has subdirectories, delete them too. To delete a directory, this option must be specified.
-f, --force	Ignore nonexistent files and do not prompt. This overrides the --interactive option.
-v, --verbose	Display informative messages as the deletion is performed.

rm Examples

Command	Results
rm file1	Delete file1 silently
rm -i file1	Same as above, except that the user is prompted for confirmation before the deletion is performed.
rm -r file1 dir1	Delete file1 and dir1 and its contents.
rm -rf file1 dir1	Same as above, except that if either file1 or dir1 do not exist, rm will continue silently.

rm-Remove files and directories

ln-Create hard and symbolic links