用valgrind检查内存问题
Valgrind
Valgrind作为一个免费且优秀的工具包，平时大部分人可能都是使用valgrind检测内存问题，如内存泄露，越界等。
Valgrind工具包包含多个工具，如Memcheck,Cachegrind,Helgrind, Callgrind，Massif。下面分别介绍个工具的作用：
Memcheck
- 使用未初始化的内存 (Use of uninitialised memory)
- 使用已经释放了的内存 (Reading/writing memory after it has been free’d)
- 使用超过 malloc分配的内存空间(Reading/writing off the end of malloc’d blocks)
- 对堆栈的非法访问 (Reading/writing inappropriate areas on the stack)
- 申请的空间是否有释放 (Memory leaks – where pointers to malloc’d blocks are lost forever)
- malloc/free/new/delete申请和释放内存的匹配(Mismatched use of malloc/new/new [] vs free/delete/delete [])
- src和dst的重叠(Overlapping src and dst pointers in memcpy() and related functions
Callgrind
Callgrind收集程序运行时的一些数据，函数调用关系等信息，还可以有选择地进行cache 模拟。在运行结束时，它会把分析数据写入一个文件。callgrind_annotate可以把这个文件的内容转化成可读的形式。
Cachegrind
它模拟 CPU中的一级缓存I1,D1和L2二级缓存，能够精确地指出程序中 cache的丢失和命中。如果需要，它还能够为我们提供cache丢失次数，内存引用次数，以及每行代码，每个函数，每个模块，整个程序产生的指令数。这对优化程序有很大的帮助。
Helgrind
它主要用来检查多线程程序中出现的竞争问题。Helgrind 寻找内存中被多个线程访问，而又没有一贯加锁的区域，这些区域往往是线程之间失去同步的地方，而且会导致难以发掘的错误。Helgrind实现了名为” Eraser” 的竞争检测算法，并做了进一步改进，减少了报告错误的次数。
Massif
堆栈分析器，它能测量程序在堆栈中使用了多少内存，告诉我们堆块，堆管理块和栈的大小。Massif能帮助我们减少内存的使用，在带有虚拟内存的现代系统中，它还能够加速我们程序的运行，减少程序停留在交换区中的几率。
Valgrind使用举例
example.c
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> int main()
{
int a[]; //4*100=400bytes,stack
int *b = malloc(sizeof(int) * ); //4*100=400bytes,heap 有错误，没有释放内存 return ;
}
安装及使用(Ubuntu16.04)
/*安装Valgrind*/
sudo apt install valgrind
/*编译源程序*/
gcc example.c -o example /*输入valgrind的有关命令*/
/*默认为tool=memcheck*/
valgrind ./example ==== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==== Copyright (C) -, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==== Using Valgrind-3.11. and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==== Command: ./example
====
====
==== HEAP SUMMARY:
==== in use at exit: bytes in blocks
==== total heap usage: allocs, frees, bytes allocated
====
==== LEAK SUMMARY:
==== definitely lost: bytes in blocks
==== indirectly lost: bytes in blocks
==== possibly lost: bytes in blocks
==== still reachable: bytes in blocks
==== suppressed: bytes in blocks
==== Rerun with --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory
====
==== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==== ERROR SUMMARY: errors from contexts (suppressed: from ) /*--leak-check=full可以看内存泄漏的细节*/
valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./example ==3152== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==3152== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==3152== Using Valgrind-3.11.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==3152== Command: ./example
==3152==
==3152==
==3152== HEAP SUMMARY:
==3152== in use at exit: 400 bytes in 1 blocks
==3152== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 0 frees, 400 bytes allocated
==3152==
==3152== 400 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1 //显示了malloc分配的内存泄露
==3152== at 0x4C2DB8F: malloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==3152== by 0x4005B9: main (in /home/rogn/Desktop/MyCode/example)
==3152==
==3152== LEAK SUMMARY:
==3152== definitely lost: 400 bytes in 1 blocks
==3152== indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3152== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3152== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3152== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==3152==
==3152== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v /*上面只能看到堆内存*/
/*使用--tool=massif查看堆栈内存*/
rogn@ubuntu:~/Desktop/MyCode$ valgrind --tool=massif ./example
==== Massif, a heap profiler
==== Copyright (C) -, and GNU GPL'd, by Nicholas Nethercote
==== Using Valgrind-3.11. and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==== Command: ./example
====
====
rogn@ubuntu:~/Desktop/MyCode$ ls
example example.c massif.out.
rogn@ubuntu:~/Desktop/MyCode$ ms_print massif.out.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Command: ./example
Massif arguments: (none)
ms_print arguments: massif.out.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B
^ :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
| :
+----------------------------------------------------------------------->ki
102.0 Number of snapshots:
Detailed snapshots: [] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n time(i) total(B) useful-heap(B) extra-heap(B) stacks(B)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- , /*查看整个程序使用的内存和时间*/
rogn@ubuntu:~/Desktop/MyCode$ valgrind --tool=massif --pages-as-heap=yes ./example
==== Massif, a heap profiler
==== Copyright (C) -, and GNU GPL'd, by Nicholas Nethercote
==== Using Valgrind-3.11. and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==== Command: ./example
====
====
rogn@ubuntu:~/Desktop/MyCode$ ls //查看当前目录下的文件，发现多了一个名叫massif.out.3191的文件（3191其实就是PID）
example example.c massif.out. massif.out.
rogn@ubuntu:~/Desktop/MyCode$ ms_print massif.out.3191 //使用ms_print程序打印出massif.out.391
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Command: ./example
Massif arguments: --pages-as-heap=yes
ms_print arguments: massif.out.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MB
6.172^ //这个就是总的内存了，所谓的Memory limit就是指这个 :
| ::@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@#:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| : @ # :
| :::: @ # :
| :::: @ # :
| :::: @ # :
| :::: @ # :
| :::: @ # :
| :::: @ # :
| :::: @ # :
+----------------------------------------------------------------------->ki
148.4 //运行时间，单位是ms Number of snapshots:
Detailed snapshots: [, , , (peak)] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n time(i) total(B) useful-heap(B) extra-heap(B) stacks(B)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, ,
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100.00% (,800B) (page allocation syscalls) mmap/mremap/brk, --alloc-fns, etc.
->98.00% (,704B) 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF: ???
|
->02.00% (,096B) 0x4000C2F: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n time(i) total(B) useful-heap(B) extra-heap(B) stacks(B)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, ,
100.00% (,800B) (page allocation syscalls) mmap/mremap/brk, --alloc-fns, etc.
->98.00% (,704B) 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF: ???
|
->02.00% (,096B) 0x4000C2F: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n time(i) total(B) useful-heap(B) extra-heap(B) stacks(B)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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100.00% (,,528B) (page allocation syscalls) mmap/mremap/brk, --alloc-fns, etc.
->96.88% (,,824B) 0x401B4B9: mmap (mmap.c:)
| ->94.64% (,,464B) 0x40068CB: _dl_map_object_from_fd (dl-map-segments.h:)
| | ->94.64% (,,464B) 0x4008C25: _dl_map_object (dl-load.c:)
| | ->61.86% (,,120B) 0x400DBA0: openaux (dl-deps.c:)
| | | ->61.86% (,,120B) 0x4010562: _dl_catch_error (dl-error.c:)
| | | ->61.86% (,,120B) 0x400E1E0: _dl_map_object_deps (dl-deps.c:)
| | | ->61.86% (,,120B) 0x4003A27: dl_main (rtld.c:)
| | | ->61.86% (,,120B) 0x4019630: _dl_sysdep_start (dl-sysdep.c:)
| | | ->61.86% (,,120B) 0x4001C28: _dl_start (rtld.c:)
| | | ->61.86% (,,120B) 0x4000C36: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so)
| | |
| | ->32.78% (,,344B) 0x4000EB3: map_doit (rtld.c:)
| | ->32.78% (,,344B) 0x4010562: _dl_catch_error (dl-error.c:)
| | ->32.78% (,,344B) 0x40020D4: handle_ld_preload (rtld.c:)
| | ->32.78% (,,344B) 0x40039AD: dl_main (rtld.c:)
| | ->32.78% (,,344B) 0x4019630: _dl_sysdep_start (dl-sysdep.c:)
| | ->32.78% (,,344B) 0x4001C28: _dl_start (rtld.c:)
| | ->32.78% (,,344B) 0x4000C36: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so)
| |
| ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4011773: _dl_sysdep_read_whole_file (dl-misc.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4018506: _dl_load_cache_lookup (dl-cache.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4009167: _dl_map_object (dl-load.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x400DBA0: openaux (dl-deps.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4010562: _dl_catch_error (dl-error.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x400E1E0: _dl_map_object_deps (dl-deps.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4003A27: dl_main (rtld.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4019630: _dl_sysdep_start (dl-sysdep.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4001C28: _dl_start (rtld.c:)
| | ->01.34% (,016B) 0x4000C36: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so)
| |
| ->00.89% (,344B) in + places, all below ms_print's threshold (01.00%)
|
->03.12% (,704B) 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF: ???
|
->00.00% (0B) in + places, all below ms_print's threshold (01.00%) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n time(i) total(B) useful-heap(B) extra-heap(B) stacks(B)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
, ,, ,,
100.00% (,,608B) (page allocation syscalls) mmap/mremap/brk, --alloc-fns, etc.
->96.83% (,,904B) 0x401B4B9: mmap (mmap.c:)
| ->95.87% (,,464B) 0x40068CB: _dl_map_object_from_fd (dl-map-segments.h:)
| | ->95.87% (,,464B) 0x4008C25: _dl_map_object (dl-load.c:)
| | ->62.66% (,,120B) 0x400DBA0: openaux (dl-deps.c:)
| | | ->62.66% (,,120B) 0x4010562: _dl_catch_error (dl-error.c:)
| | | ->62.66% (,,120B) 0x400E1E0: _dl_map_object_deps (dl-deps.c:)
| | | ->62.66% (,,120B) 0x4003A27: dl_main (rtld.c:)
| | | ->62.66% (,,120B) 0x4019630: _dl_sysdep_start (dl-sysdep.c:)
| | | ->62.66% (,,120B) 0x4001C28: _dl_start (rtld.c:)
| | | ->62.66% (,,120B) 0x4000C36: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so)
| | |
| | ->33.20% (,,344B) 0x4000EB3: map_doit (rtld.c:)
| | ->33.20% (,,344B) 0x4010562: _dl_catch_error (dl-error.c:)
| | ->33.20% (,,344B) 0x40020D4: handle_ld_preload (rtld.c:)
| | ->33.20% (,,344B) 0x40039AD: dl_main (rtld.c:)
| | ->33.20% (,,344B) 0x4019630: _dl_sysdep_start (dl-sysdep.c:)
| | ->33.20% (,,344B) 0x4001C28: _dl_start (rtld.c:)
| | ->33.20% (,,344B) 0x4000C36: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so)
| |
| ->00.97% (,440B) in + places, all below ms_print's threshold (01.00%)
|
->03.17% (,704B) 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF: ???
|
->00.00% (0B) in + places, all below ms_print's threshold (01.00%) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n time(i) total(B) useful-heap(B) extra-heap(B) stacks(B)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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参考链接：
https://blog.csdn.net/kesalin/article/details/2593958
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