Smiling & Weeping

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　---- 我渴望你的在场，又渴望你的缺席，你终究是我深藏的借口

第六章 GitFlow工作流实战

6.0 引言

在实际项目开发工作中，常常会有自测、联调、提测、线上紧急修复等多工作环节，对应可能需要本地、内测、开发、测试、生产等多环境部署代码的需求，对应每个环节会产生不同的分支；本⽂将从Git-Flow模型原理出发，通过命令行演示实际可操作⼿段并进⾏总结，最终希望Git-Flow在实际项⽬中应⽤起来，从⽽⾼效完成代码开发、版本管理等实际⼯作。

（注：不同的公司或者不同的项目的GitFlow工作流模型标准也不同，具体以实际应用为准；本文提供的为常用模板，较为全面和通用，建议多加练习，达到熟练掌握的程度）

6.1 深⼊理解Git-Flow⼯作流模型原理

  • Git-Flow模型解决什么问题?

    为了解决实际项⽬中代码开发、代码测试、bug修复、版本发布等⼀系过程列严重耦合从⽽产⽣各种问题，如冲突过度、版本混乱。

  • Git-Flow模型⼜是如何解决上述问题的呢?

    基于Git定义5种类型的分⽀，各分⽀严格定义其指责、起⽌点等，从⽽使开发、测试、发版等过程有条不紊进⾏。

6.1.1 Git-Flow流程图

该流程图完整描述Git-Flow模型处理过程，当我们深⼊理解各分⽀，然后结合项⽬阶段与⾃身的⻆⾊（开发/测试/项⽬经理），就会发现每个角色在某个阶段需要关注的可能也就⼀两个分⽀，⽐如在开发阶段，开发⼈员只需关注⾃⼰的新功能分⽀（Feature分支）；release阶段，测试⼈员和开发⼈员都只需关注Release分⽀，各⾃的职责有所差异⽽已；具体如下图（建议读者动手手绘一遍该流程图以便于加深理解）：

6.1.2 Git-Flow各分⽀的说明

分⽀名称 作⽤ ⽣命周期 提交or合并 起⽌点
Feature分⽀ ⽤于某个功能的 临时分 ⽀、开发 阶段 可提交代码 由Develop分⽀产⽣， 最终合并到Develop 分⽀
Develop分⽀ 记录历史开发功 能 贯穿整个 项⽬ 不能提交，由Feature分 ⽀、Bugfix分⽀、Release 分⽀、Hotfix分⽀合并代码 整个项⽬
Release分⽀ ⽤于本次Release 如⽂档、测试、 bug修复 临时分 ⽀、发版 阶段 可提交代码 由Develop分⽀产⽣， 最终合并到Develop 分⽀和Master分支
Hotfix分⽀ ⽤于解决线上bug 临时分 ⽀、紧急 修复阶段 可提交代码 由Master分⽀产⽣， 最终合并到Develop 分⽀和Master分支
Master（Production） 分⽀ 记录历史发布版 本 贯穿整个 项⽬ 不能提交，由Release、Hotfix分⽀合并代码 整个项⽬

6.1.3 不同⻆度理解各分⽀

  • ⽣命周期

    Master分⽀和Develop分⽀贯穿项⽬；其他分⽀均为承担特定指责的临时分⽀。

  • 项⽬阶段

    开发阶段主要涉及Feature分⽀、Develop分⽀； 发布阶段 主要涉及Release分⽀、Production分⽀、Develop分⽀； 紧急修复阶段 主要涉及Hotfix分⽀、Production分⽀、Develop分⽀。

  • 成员关注点

    开发⼈员 关注Develop分⽀、Feature分⽀以及特殊阶段关注Hotfix、Release分⽀的bug修复； 测试⼈员 关注 Release分⽀、Hotfix分⽀的功能测试；项⽬经理 关注Production分⽀、Release分⽀。

另外要说明，项⽬阶段在时间纬度有可能重叠.⽐如:release阶段(当前版本)与下各版本的开发阶段可同时存在，因为当前release阶段的发起同时也就意味着下⼀个release的开发阶段的开始；⼀旦线上出现bug(任何时候都可能出现)，紧急修复阶段就可能与开发阶段、发版阶段重叠...因此，要求团队成员都要理解Git-Flow⼯作流，以及⾃身所处的项⽬阶段.

6.2 命令行演示⼀个完整的Git-Flow流程

原理总是枯燥的，接下来实践⼀个从功能开发到版本发布的完整的流程，感受⼀下Git-Flow的具体操作.

特此说明，以下shell命令是在win10环境下，‘/e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina’目录，使用git bash工具进行演示；‘$’ 符号所在行为演示命令，如有内容输出，会在‘$’ 符号所在行的下面输出。

6.2.1 初始化项⽬，创建Develop分⽀

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina

$ pwd

/e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina

$ mkdir git-demo-workflow-project

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina

$ cd git-demo-workflow-project/

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project

$ touch readme.md

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project

$ git init

Initialized empty Git repository in E:/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project/.git/

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git add .

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git commit -m "init"

[master (root-commit) 1ae2455] init

 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

 create mode 100644 readme.md

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git checkout -b develop master

Switched to a new branch 'develop'
 

6.2.2 模拟开发阶段过程

(创建新功能Feature分⽀、实现⼀个⽤户登录模块、然后合并到Develop分⽀、删除功能分⽀)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git checkout -b feature-login develop

Switched to a new branch 'feature-login'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ touch LoginUser.html

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$echo "hi, this is user html" > LoginUser.html

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ cat LoginUser.html

hi, this is user html

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ ls

LoginUser.html  readme.md

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ git add .

warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in LoginUser.html.

The file will have its original line endings in your working directory

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ git commit -m "feat: add LoginUser.html"

[feature-login 182444e] feat: add LoginUser.html

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

 create mode 100644 LoginUser.html

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ touch LoginUser.js

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ echo "hi, this is user js" > LoginUser.js

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ git add .

warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in LoginUser.js.

The file will have its original line endings in your working directory

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ git commit -m "feat: add LoginUser.js"

[feature-login b0d494c] feat: add LoginUser.js

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

 create mode 100644 LoginUser.js

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ git status

On branch feature-login

nothing to commit, working tree clean

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (feature-login)

$ git checkout develop

Switched to branch 'develop'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git merge --no-ff feature-login

Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.

 LoginUser.html | 1 +

 LoginUser.js   | 1 +

 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

 create mode 100644 LoginUser.html

 create mode 100644 LoginUser.js

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git branch -d feature-login

Deleted branch feature-login (was b0d494c).
 

6.2.3 模拟Release阶段过程

(创建Release分⽀、进⾏bug修复、合并到Production分⽀与Develop分⽀)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git checkout  -b release-v0.1 develop

Switched to a new branch 'release-v0.1'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (release-v0.1)

$ echo "bugifx LoginUser.html" >> LoginUser.html

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (release-v0.1)

$ git add .

warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in LoginUser.html.

The file will have its original line endings in your working directory

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (release-v0.1)

$ git commit -m "fix: bugfix for LoginUser.html"

[release-v0.1 a37a88c] fix: bugfix for LoginUser.html

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (release-v0.1)

$ git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git merge --no-ff release-v0.1

Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.

 LoginUser.html | 2 ++

 LoginUser.js   | 1 +

 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+)

 create mode 100644 LoginUser.html

 create mode 100644 LoginUser.js

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git tag v0.1

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git checkout develop

Switched to branch 'develop'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git merge --no-ff release-v0.1

Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.

 LoginUser.html | 1 +

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git branch -d release-v0.1

Deleted branch release-v0.1 (was a37a88c).
 

6.2.4 模拟线上故障，创建Hotfix分⽀

(创建Hotfix分⽀、进⾏bug修复、合并到Production分⽀与Develop分⽀)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git checkout -b hotfix-v0.1.1 master

Switched to a new branch 'hotfix-v0.1.1'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (hotfix-v0.1.1)

$ git status

On branch hotfix-v0.1.1

nothing to commit, working tree clean

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (hotfix-v0.1.1)

$ echo "hotfix for LoginUser.html" >> LoginUser.html

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (hotfix-v0.1.1)

$ cat LoginUser.html

hi, this is user html

bugifx LoginUser.html

hotfix for LoginUser.html

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (hotfix-v0.1.1)

$ git add .

warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in LoginUser.html.

The file will have its original line endings in your working directory

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (hotfix-v0.1.1)

$ git commit -m "hotfix: do something for LoginUser.html"

[hotfix-v0.1.1 bcb680e] hotfix: do something for LoginUser.html

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (hotfix-v0.1.1)

$ git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git merge --no-ff hotfix-v0.1.1

Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.

 LoginUser.html | 1 +

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git tag v0.1.1

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (master)

$ git checkout develop

Switched to branch 'develop'

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git merge --no-ff hotfix-v0.1.1

Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.

 LoginUser.html | 1 +

 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

Administrator@WIN MINGW64 /e/PycharmProjects/DatawhaleChina/git-demo-workflow-project (develop)

$ git branch -d hotfix-v0.1.1

Deleted branch hotfix-v0.1.1 (was bcb680e).

文章到此结束，我们下次再见
在七十亿人海中，请把我认出来

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