构建 ARM Linux 4.7.3 嵌入式开发环境 —— U-BOOT 引导 Kernel

经过若干天的反复测试，搜索。终于成功利用 Qemu 在 u-boot 下引导 ARM Linux 4.7.3 内核。如下详细解释整个构建过程。

准备环境

• 运行环境：Ubuntu 16.04
• 需要的虚拟机：Qemu
• 交叉编译环境：ARM GCC
• 内核源码：Linux 4.7.3
• u-boot源码：u-boot-2016.09

安装 Qemu 、 ARM GCC

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linaro-maintainers/tools
$ sudo apt-get install linaro-image-tools qemu-user-static qemu-system
$ sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi g++-arm-linux-gnueabi
$ sudo apt install bridge-utils

下载、编译 U-BOOT 源码

• 下载源码

$ wget -c ftp://ftp.denx.de/pub/u-boot/u-boot-2016.09.tar.bz2
$ tar xvf u-boot-2016.09.tar.bz2
$ cd u-boot-2016.09

• 修改配置文件 include/configs/vexpress_common.h

#define V2M_BASE        0x80000000
#define CONFIG_SYS_TEXT_BASE    0x80800000
#endif

/* 添加如下三行代码 */
#define CONFIG_IPADDR   192.168.0.5
#define CONFIG_NETMASK  255.255.255.0
#define CONFIG_SERVERIP 192.168.0.3

/*
 * Physical addresses, offset from V2M_PA_CS0-3
 */
#define V2M_NOR0        (V2M_PA_CS0)
#define V2M_NOR1        (V2M_PA_CS1)
........
........
........
/* 对如下 CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND 作出修改 */
/* Basic environment settings */
#define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND \
    "run distro_bootcmd; " \
    "run bootflash; "
#undef CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND

#define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND "tftp 0x62008000 kernel; setenv bootargs 'root=/dev/mmcblk0 console=ttyAMA0,38400n8'; bootz 0x62008000"

#define BOOT_TARGET_DEVICES(func) \
        func(MMC, mmc, ) \
        func(MMC, mmc, ) \
        func(PXE, pxe, na) \
        func(DHCP, dhcp, na)
#include <config_distro_bootcmd.h>

• 编译源码

$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- vexpress_ca9x4_defconfig
$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-
$ mkdir -p ~/tftp
$ ln -sf $PWD/u-boot ~/tftp

准备内核镜像文件

• 下载源码

$ wget -c https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/linux-4.7.3.tar.xz
$ tar xvf linux-4.7..tar.xz
$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- vexpress_defconfig
$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- menuconfig

• 打开如下几个选项

• 编译，一个漫长的过程

$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- all
$ ln -sf arch/arm/boot/dts/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb ~/tftp
$ ln -sf arch/arm/boot/zImage ~/tftp

准备 Qemu 网络

• qemu-ifup 内容如下。

#!/bin/sh
#
#cript to bring up the tun device in QEMU in bridged mode
# first parameter is name of tap device (e.g. tap0)
#
# some constants specific to the local host - change to suit your host
#
ETH0IPADDR=192.168.0.3
MASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.0.1
BROADCAST=192.168.0.255
ETH=enp0s3 # 根据自己的网络接口修改。
#
# First take eth0 down, then bring it up with IP address 0.0.0.0
#
ifdown $ETH
ifconfig $ETH 0.0.0.0 promisc up
#
# Bring up the tap device (name specified as first argument, by QEMU)
#
#/usr/sbin/openvpn --mktun --dev $ --user `id -un`
ifconfig $ 0.0.0.0 promisc up
#
# create the bridge between eth0 and the tap device
#
brctl addbr br0
brctl addif br0 $ETH
brctl addif br0 $
#
# only a single bridge so loops are not possible, turn off spanning tree protocol
#
brctl stp br0 off
#
# Bring up the bridge with ETH0IPADDR and add the default route
#
ifconfig br0 $ETH0IPADDR netmask $MASK broadcast $BROADCAST
route add default gw $GATEWAY
#
# stop firewall - comment this out if you don't use Firestarter
#
#service firestarter stop 

• qemu-ifdown

#!/bin/sh
#
# Script to bring down and delete bridge br0 when QEMU exits
#
# Bring down eth0 and br0
#
ETH=enp0s3

ifdown $ETH
ifdown br0
ifconfig br0 down
#
# Delete the bridge
#
brctl delbr br0
#
# bring up eth0 in "normal" mode
#
ifconfig $ETH -promisc
ifup $ETH
#
# delete the tap device
#
#/usr/sbin/openvpn --rmtun --dev $
#
# start firewall again
#
#service firestarter start

• 复制到 /etc 目录

$ sudo cp qemu-if* /etc
$ sudo chmod +x /etc/qemu-if*

搭建 TFTP 服务

• 本文中设置的 TFTP 服务的根目录为 ～/tftp 。
• 参考如下文章，配置 TFTP 服务。
• How do I install and run a TFTP server?

准备启动 U-BOOT

• append 设备树到 zImage

$ cd ~/tftp && cp zImage kernel
$ cat express-v2p-ca9.dtb >> kernel

• 启动 U-BOOT

$ sudo qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 \
                -m 128M -nographic \
                -net nic -net tap,ifname=tap0 \
                -kernel u-boot \
                -dtb vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb

• 如果中间没有出现问题，则能成功启动内核。

U-Boot 2016.07 (Sep   - :: +)

DRAM:   MiB
WARNING: Caches not enabled
Flash:  MiB
MMC:   MMC:
*** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment

In:    serial
Out:   serial
Err:   serial
Net:   smc911x-
Hit any key to stop autoboot:
smc911x: MAC :::::
smc911x: detected LAN9118 controller
smc911x: phy initialized
smc911x: MAC :::::
Using smc911x- device
TFTP from server 192.168.0.3; our IP address is 192.168.0.5
Filename 'kernel'.
Load address: 0x62008000
Loading: #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     #################################################################
     ################################################
      MiB/s
done
Bytes transferred =  (367d5c hex)
smc911x: MAC :::::
Kernel image @ 0x62008000 [ 0x000000 - 0x3643e8 ]

Starting kernel ...

Uncompressing Linux... done, booting the kernel.
Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
Linux version 4.7. (rain@rain-pc) (gcc version 5.4.  (Ubuntu/Linaro 5.4.-6ubuntu1~16.04.) ) # SMP Fri Sep  :: CST
CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision  (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d
CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache
Machine model: V2P-CA9
Memory policy: Data cache writeback
CPU: All CPU(s) started in SVC mode.

参考文章

• ARM Versatile Express Emulation On Qemu: From Scratch
• Virtual ARM Linux environment
• Virtual_Development_Board
• How do I install and run a TFTP server?
• Does kernel config option “Use appended device tree blob to zImage (EXPERIMENTAL)” work?
• 用Qemu模拟vexpress-a9 （三）— 实现用u-boot引导Linux内核
• Kernel - Common Problems Booting Linux

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Next ：构建 ARM Linux 4.7.3 嵌入式开发环境 —— BusyBox 构建 RootFS

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