linux File Handling commands 'ls'.

ref:Linux / Unix Command: ls

NAME

ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-a, --all: do not hide entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all: do not list implied . and ..
--author: print the author of each file
-b, --escape: print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE: use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups: do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c: with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with-l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime
-C: list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN]: control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory: list directory entries instead of contents
-D, --dired: generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f: do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
-F, --classify: append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
--format=WORD: across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time: like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g: like -l, but do not list owner
-G, --no-group: inhibit display of group information
-h, --human-readable: print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si: likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line: follow symbolic links on the command line
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:: none (default), classify (-F), file-type (-p)
-i, --inode: print index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN: do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k: like --block-size=1K
-l: use a long listing format
-L, --dereference: when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself
-m: fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid: like -l, but list numeric UIDs and GIDs
-N, --literal: print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)
-o: like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --file-type: append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
-q, --hide-control-chars: print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars: show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name: enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD: use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse: reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive: list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size: print size of each file, in blocks
-S: sort by file size
--sort=WORD: extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v; status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u
--time=WORD: show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE: show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT; FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t: sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS: assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u: with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
-U: do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v: sort by version
-w, --width=COLS: assume screen width instead of current value
-x: list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X: sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1: list one file per line
--help: display this help and exit
--version: output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1,000,000, M 1,048,576, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty).