接口_requests_基于python

HTTP request python官方文档：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/

1.　　环境

基于环境，需要安装requests 模块，安装方法 pip install requests
想学习requests，就通过help吧

import requests
help(requests)

返回结果如下：

C:\Python27\python.exe E:/test/interface/g_3.py
Help on package requests:

NAME
    requests

FILE
    c:\python27\lib\site-packages\requests\__init__.py

DESCRIPTION
    Requests HTTP Library
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
    usage:

       >>> import requests
       >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
       >>> r.status_code
       200
       >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
       True

    ... or POST:

       >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
       >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
       >>> print(r.text)
       {
         ...
         "form": {
           "key2": "value2",
           "key1": "value1"
         },
         ...
       }

    The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
    is at <http://python-requests.org>.

    :copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
    :license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.

PACKAGE CONTENTS
    __version__
    _internal_utils
    adapters
    api
    auth
    certs
    compat
    cookies
    exceptions
    help
    hooks
    models
    packages
    sessions
    status_codes
    structures
    utils

FUNCTIONS
    check_compatibility(urllib3_version, chardet_version)

DATA
    __author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
    __author_email__ = 'me@kennethreitz.org'
    __build__ = 137220
    __cake__ = u'\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728'
    __copyright__ = 'Copyright 2017 Kenneth Reitz'
    __description__ = 'Python HTTP for Humans.'
    __license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
    __title__ = 'requests'
    __url__ = 'http://python-requests.org'
    __version__ = '2.18.4'
    codes = <lookup 'status_codes'>

VERSION
    2.18.4

AUTHOR
    Kenneth Reitz

Process finished with exit code 0

获取requests所有的方法和类，就使用dir吧

import requests
print dir(requests)

返回如下：

['ConnectTimeout', 'ConnectionError', 'DependencyWarning', 'FileModeWarning', 'HTTPError', 'NullHandler', 'PreparedRequest', 'ReadTimeout', 'Request', 'RequestException', 'RequestsDependencyWarning', 'Response', 'Session', 'Timeout', 'TooManyRedirects', 'URLRequired', '__author__', '__author_email__', '__build__', '__builtins__', '__cake__', '__copyright__', '__description__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__license__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__title__', '__url__', '__version__', '_internal_utils', 'adapters', 'api', 'auth', 'certs', 'chardet', 'check_compatibility', 'codes', 'compat', 'cookies', 'delete', 'exceptions', 'get', 'head', 'hooks', 'logging', 'models', 'options', 'packages', 'patch', 'post', 'put', 'request', 'session', 'sessions', 'status_codes', 'structures', 'urllib3', 'utils', 'warnings']

2.　　HTTP协议：

根据 HTTP 标准， HTTP 请求可以使用多种请求方法。
HTTP1.0 定义了三种请求方法： GET, POST 和 HEAD 方法。

HTTP1.1 新增了五种请求方法： 共GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE 和 CONNECT 方法

3.　　requests模块入门：

#HTTP请求类型
#get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
#post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
#put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
#delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
#head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
#options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")

#获取响应内容
print r.content #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print r.text #以文本的方式去显示

#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '日本', 'salecityid': ''}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload)
print r.url #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=日本

#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print r.encoding
r.encoding = 'utf-8'

#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print r.json() #需要先import json    

#定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print r.request.headers

#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下

#post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)

#响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print r.status_code

#响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print r.headers
print r.headers['Content-Type']
print r.headers.get('content-type') #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式

#Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #读取cookies

url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies

#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)

#设置访问代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.10.10:8888",
           "https": "http://10.10.10.100:4444",
          }
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)

4、Requests示例

json请求

#!/user/bin/env python
#coding=utf-8
import requests
import json

class url_request():
    def __init__(self):
            """ init """    

if __name__=='__main__':
    headers = {'Content-Type' : 'application/json'}
    payload = {'CountryName':'中国',
               'ProvinceName':'陕西省',
               'L1CityName':'汉中',
               'L2CityName':'城固',
               'TownName':'',
               'Longitude':'107.33393',
               'Latitude':'33.157131',
               'Language':'CN'
               }
    r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity",headers=headers,data=payload)
    #r.encoding = 'utf-8'
    data=r.json()
    if r.status_code!=200:
        print "LBSLocateCity API Error " + str(r.status_code)
    print data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID'] #打印返回json中的某个key的value
    print data['ResponseStatus']['Ack']
    print json.dumps(data,indent=4,sort_keys=True,ensure_ascii=False) #树形打印json，ensure_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicode

xml请求

#!/user/bin/env python
#coding=utf-8
import requests

class url_request():
    def __init__(self):
            """ init """    

if __name__=='__main__':

    headers = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
    XML = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"><soap:Body><Request xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"><jme><JobClassFullName>WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS</JobClassFullName><Action>RUN</Action><Param>1</Param><HostIP>127.0.0.1</HostIP><JobInfo>1</JobInfo><NeedParallel>false</NeedParallel></jme></Request></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>'
    url = 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx'
    r = requests.post(url,headers=headers,data=XML)
    #r.encoding = 'utf-8'
    data = r.text
    print data