Vulkan(1)用apispec生成Vulkan库

Vulkan(1)用apispec生成Vulkan库

我的Vulkan.net库已在（https://github.com/bitzhuwei/Vulkan.net）开源，欢迎交流。

apispec.html

在Vulkan SDK的安装文件夹里，有一个Documentation\apispec.html文件。这是一个由代码生成的对Vulkan API的说明。它包含了Vulkan API的枚举类型、结构体、函数声明以及这一切的详细注释。

由于它是自动生成的，所以其格式非常规则。只需将少数几处<br>改为<br />，几处<col .. >改为<col .. />，就可以直接用 XElement 来加载和解析它。

由于它包含了每个枚举类型及其成员的注释，包含了每个结构体及其成员的注释，包含了每个函数声明及其参数的注释，我就想，如果我能将它转换为C#代码，那会是多么美妙的一个Vulkan库啊！

我在网上找到的几个Vulkan库，基本上都没有什么注释，这让我使用起来很不方便，严重妨碍了学习速度。很多结构体的成员类型都是粗糙的 IntPtr ，而不是具体类型的指针，这也使得用起来很麻烦。

那么就动手做自己的Vulkan库吧！

分类

首先，要将巨大的apispec.html文件里的内容分为几个类别，即C宏定义、Command（函数声明）、Enum、Extension、Flag、Handle、PFN、Scalar Type和Struct。其中的C宏定义和Extension暂时用不到，就不管了，Scalar Type数量很少，又不包含实质内容，直接手工编写即可。

我们按照Enum、Handle、Flag、PFN、Struct和Command的顺序依次分析，因为后者可能依赖前者。

Enum

我们来观察apispec.html中对Enum的描述：

<h4 id="_name_798">Name</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV - Acceleration structure memory requirement type</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_c_specification_798">C Specification</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Possible values of <code>type</code> in
<code>VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsInfoNV</code> are:,</p>
</div>
<div id="VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV" class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c++" data-lang="c++">typedef enum VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV {
    VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_OBJECT_NV = ,
    VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_BUILD_SCRATCH_NV = ,
    VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_UPDATE_SCRATCH_NV = ,
    VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_MAX_ENUM_NV = 0x7FFFFFFF
} VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_description_798">Description</h4>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_OBJECT_NV</code>
requests the memory requirement for the <code>VkAccelerationStructureNV</code>
backing store.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_BUILD_SCRATCH_NV</code>
requests the memory requirement for scratch space during the initial
build.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_UPDATE_SCRATCH_NV</code>
requests the memory requirement for scratch space during an update.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_see_also_798">See Also</h4>

我们将发现，对于每个Enum类型，apispec都有这样的规律：从一个<h4>Name</h4>标签开始，接下来的<p></p>标签是对这个Enum的注释，接下来的<code class="language-c++"></code>标签是这个Enum的定义；然后，从<h4>Descriptor</h4>开始到<h4>See Also</h4>结束，这两个标签之间的所有<p></p>标签，分别是Enum的某个成员的注释，而且，这个注释都是以<code>此成员的名字</code>开头（这可以用于识别此注释属于哪个成员）。

有了这些规律，就可以将其解析为C#代码了。解析代码很简单，就不解释了。

 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Xml.Linq;

 namespace ApiSpec {
     class EnumsParser {

         static readonly char[] inLineSeparator = new char[] { ' ', '\t', '\r', '\n', };
         static readonly char[] lineSeparator = new char[] { '\r', '\n' };
         const string leftBrace = "{";
         const string rightBrace = "}";

         const string filename = "Enums.content.xml";
         const string strName = "Name";
         const string strCSpecification = "C Specification";
         const string strDescription = "Description";
         const string strSeeAlso = "See Also";
         const string strDocNotes = "Document Notes";

         class EnumDefinetion {
             /*typedef enum VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV {
     VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_OBJECT_NV = 0,
     VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_BUILD_SCRATCH_NV = 1,
     VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_UPDATE_SCRATCH_NV = 2,
     VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_MAX_ENUM_NV = 0x7FFFFFFF
 } VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV;
              */
             public string raw;

             public string[] Dump() {
                 string[] lines = this.raw.Split(lineSeparator, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
                 if (lines == null || lines.Length < ) { return lines; }

                 {
                     string[] parts = lines[].Split(inLineSeparator, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
                     lines[] = $"public enum {parts[2]} {leftBrace}";
                 }
                 {
                     int last = lines.Length - ;
                     lines[last] = $"{rightBrace}";
                 }

                 return lines;
             }
         }

         class EnumItemComment {
             public List<string> lstComment = new List<string>();

             public Dictionary<string, string> Dump() {
                 Dictionary<string, string> dict = new Dictionary<string, string>();
                 foreach (var item in lstComment) {
                     int left = item.IndexOf("<code>");
                     int right = item.IndexOf("</code>");
                     if (left != - && right != -) {
                         string key = item.Substring(left + "<code>".Length, right - (left + "<code>".Length));
                         if (!dict.ContainsKey(key)) {
                             dict.Add(key, item);
                         }
                     }
                 }

                 return dict;
             }
         }

         public static void DumpEnums() {
             XElement root = XElement.Load(filename);
             var lstDefinition = new List<EnumDefinetion>(); bool inside = false;
             TraverseNodesEnumDefinitions(root, lstDefinition, ref inside);
             var listEnumItemComment = new List<EnumItemComment>(); inside = false;
             TraverseNodesEnumItemComments(root, listEnumItemComment, ref inside);
             var lstEnumComment = new List<string>(); inside = false;
             TraverseNodesEnumComments(root, lstEnumComment, ref inside);

             using (var sw = new System.IO.StreamWriter("Enums.gen.cs")) {
                 for (int i = ; i < lstDefinition.Count; i++) {
                     EnumDefinetion definition = lstDefinition[i];
                     //sw.WriteLine(definition.raw);
                     string[] definitionLines = definition.Dump();
                     EnumItemComment itemComment = listEnumItemComment[i];
                     Dictionary<string, string> item2Comment = itemComment.Dump();

                     sw.WriteLine($"// Enum: {i}");
                     string enumComment = lstEnumComment[i];
                     sw.WriteLine($"/// <summary>{enumComment}</summary>");
                     {
                         string line = definitionLines[];
                         if (line.Contains("FlagBits")) { sw.WriteLine("[Flags]"); }
                         sw.WriteLine(line);
                     }
                     for (int j = ; j < definitionLines.Length - ; j++) {
                         string line = definitionLines[j];
                         if (item2Comment != null) {
                             string strComment = ParseItemComment(line, item2Comment);
                             if (strComment != string.Empty) {
                                 strComment = strComment.Replace("\r\n", "\n");
                                 strComment = strComment.Replace("\r", "\n");
                                 strComment = strComment.Replace("\n", $"{Environment.NewLine}    /// ");
                                 sw.WriteLine($"    /// <summary>{strComment}</summary>");
                             }
                         }
                         sw.WriteLine(line);
                     }
                     {
                         string line = definitionLines[definitionLines.Length - ];
                         sw.WriteLine(line); // }
                     }
                 }
             }
             Console.WriteLine("Done");
         }

         /*<h4 id="_name_800">Name</h4>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>VkAccessFlagBits - Bitmask specifying memory access types that will participate in a memory dependency</p>
 </div>*/
         private static void TraverseNodesEnumComments(XElement node, List<string> list, ref bool inside) {
             if (node.Name == "h4") {
                 if (node.Value == "Name") {
                     inside = true;
                 }
             }
             else if (node.Name == "p") {
                 if (inside) {
                     string text = node.ToString();
                     text = text.Substring("<p>".Length, text.Length - "<p></p>".Length);
                     text = text.Trim();
                     list.Add(text);
                     inside = false;
                 }
             }

             foreach (XElement item in node.Elements()) {
                 TraverseNodesEnumComments(item, list, ref inside);
             }
         }

         /* line:    VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_TOP_LEVEL_NV = 0,
          *
         comment: <code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_TOP_LEVEL_NV</code> is a top-level
         acceleration structure containing instance data referring to
 bottom-level level acceleration structures.
 <code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BOTTOM_LEVEL_NV</code> is a bottom-level
 acceleration structure containing the AABBs or geometry to be
 intersected.
     */
         static readonly char[] equalSeparator = new char[] { '=', ' ', '\t', '\r', '\n', };
         private static string ParseItemComment(string line, Dictionary<string, string> dict) {
             string result = string.Empty;
             string[] parts = line.Split(equalSeparator, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
             if (parts.Length == ) {
                 string key = parts[];
                 if (dict.ContainsKey(key)) {
                     result = dict[key];
                 }
             }

             return result;
         }

         /// <summary>
         ///
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="node"></param>
         /// <param name="list"></param>
         /// <param name="inside"></param>
         private static void TraverseNodesEnumItemComments(XElement node, List<EnumItemComment> list, ref bool inside) {
             if (node.Name == "h4") {
                 if (node.Value == "Description") {
                     inside = true;
                     var comment = new EnumItemComment();
                     list.Add(comment);
                 }
                 else if (node.Value == "See Also") {
                     inside = false;
                 }
             }
             else if (node.Name == "p") {
                 if (inside) {
                     EnumItemComment comment = list[list.Count - ];
                     string text = node.ToString();
                     text = text.Substring("<p>".Length, text.Length - "<p></p>".Length);
                     text = text.Trim();
                     comment.lstComment.Add(text);
                 }
             }

             foreach (XElement item in node.Elements()) {
                 TraverseNodesEnumItemComments(item, list, ref inside);
             }
         }

         private static void TraverseNodesEnumDefinitions(XElement node, List<EnumDefinetion> list, ref bool inside) {
             if (node.Name == "h4") {
                 if (node.Value == "C Specification") {
                     inside = true;
                 }
             }
             else if (node.Name == "code") {
                 if (inside) {
                     XAttribute attrClass = node.Attribute("class");
                     if (attrClass != null && attrClass.Value == "language-c++") {
                         string v = node.Value;
                         var item = new EnumDefinetion() { raw = v, };
                         list.Add(item);
                         inside = false;
                     }
                 }
             }

             foreach (XElement item in node.Elements()) {
                 TraverseNodesEnumDefinitions(item, list, ref inside);
             }
         }
     }
 }

EnumsParser

解析得到了143个Enum类型，其中前2个如下：

     // Enum: 0
     /// <summary>VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV - Acceleration structure memory requirement type</summary>
     public enum VkAccelerationStructureMemoryRequirementsTypeNV {
         /// <summary><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_OBJECT_NV</code>
         /// requests the memory requirement for the <code>VkAccelerationStructureNV</code>
         /// backing store.</summary>
         VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_OBJECT_NV = ,
         /// <summary><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_BUILD_SCRATCH_NV</code>
         /// requests the memory requirement for scratch space during the initial
         /// build.</summary>
         VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_BUILD_SCRATCH_NV = ,
         /// <summary><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_UPDATE_SCRATCH_NV</code>
         /// requests the memory requirement for scratch space during an update.</summary>
         VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_UPDATE_SCRATCH_NV = ,
         VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_TYPE_MAX_ENUM_NV = 0x7FFFFFFF
     }
     // Enum: 1
     /// <summary>VkAccelerationStructureTypeNV - Type of acceleration structure</summary>
     public enum VkAccelerationStructureTypeNV {
         /// <summary><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_TOP_LEVEL_NV</code> is a top-level
         /// acceleration structure containing instance data referring to
         /// bottom-level level acceleration structures.</summary>
         VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_TOP_LEVEL_NV = ,
         /// <summary><code>VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BOTTOM_LEVEL_NV</code> is a bottom-level
         /// acceleration structure containing the AABBs or geometry to be
         /// intersected.</summary>
         VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BOTTOM_LEVEL_NV = ,
         VK_ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAX_ENUM_NV = 0x7FFFFFFF
     }

为了保持Vulkan API的原汁原味（也为了我自己省事），Enum的成员名字就保持这么长的大写+下划线版本好了。

Handle

这里的Handle指的是Vulkan中的不透明对象提供给程序员的句柄，例如一个VkInstance类型的对象，在程序员这里看到的只是一个UInt32的句柄，它的实际内容由Vulkan内部来管理。因此这里只需找到各个Handle的名字，将其改写为一个struct即可。

在apispec.html中对Handle的描述如下：

<h3 id="_vkaccelerationstructurenv3">VkAccelerationStructureNV()</h3>

只需找到各个<h3></h3>标签，就可以找到各个Handle的名字了。解析后得到37个Handle，其中的2个Handle如下：

     // Object Handles: 1
     /// <summary>VkBuffer - Opaque handle to a buffer object
     /// <para>Buffers represent linear arrays of data which are used for various purposesby binding them to a graphics or compute pipeline via descriptor sets or viacertain commands, or by directly specifying them as parameters to certaincommands.</para>
     /// <para>Buffers are represented by VkBuffer handles:</para>
     /// </summary>
     public struct VkBuffer {
         public UInt64 handle;
     }

     // Object Handles: 21
     /// <summary>VkInstance - Opaque handle to an instance object
     /// <para>There is no global state in Vulkan and all per-application state is storedin a VkInstance object.Creating a VkInstance object initializes the Vulkan library and allowsthe application to pass information about itself to the implementation.</para>
     /// <para>Instances are represented by VkInstance handles:</para>
     /// </summary>
     public struct VkInstance {
         public UInt32 handle;
     }

对于上述这样的struct，其长度等于内部成员的长度。因此，实际上VkInstance只是UInt32的一个别名，这样的别名大大强化了类型的作用，加快了编程速度。

要注意的是，有的Handle使用UInt64，有的使用UInt32，这是不可以随意改变的，否则Vulkan会卡住不动。当然，只要字节长度相同，就可以代替，例如可以用IntPtr代替UInt32，因为两者都是4字节的。

Flag

在apispec.html中，Flag实际上是一个别名，即C语言中用 typedef 定义的一个名字。2个例子如下：

 <p>VkAccessFlags - Bitmask of VkAccessFlagBits</p>
 <p>VkBufferViewCreateFlags - Reserved for future use</p>

这是目前的apispec中仅有的2种Flag的说明形式。对于它们，我们分别可以用下面的代码代替：

 using VkAccessFlags = ApiSpec.Generated.VkAccessFlagBits;
 // VkBufferViewCreateFlags - Reserved for future use

解析方法也很简单，用 string.Split() 拆分一下即可。

最后得到的这些using代码，将用于后面解析的Struct和Command中。

PFN

这里的PFN是函数指针的意思，也就是C#里的delegate那一套。其解析方式与Enum十分相似，不再赘述。解析后得到了8个函数指针的定义，其中几个如下：

     // PFN: 0
     /// <summary>PFN_vkAllocationFunction - Application-defined memory allocation function</summary>
     public unsafe delegate void* PFN_vkAllocationFunction(
     /// <summary>pUserData is the value specified for
     /// VkAllocationCallbacks::pUserData in the allocator specified
     /// by the application.</summary>
     void* pUserData,
     /// <summary>size is the size in bytes of the requested allocation.</summary>
     Int32 size,
     /// <summary>alignment is the requested alignment of the allocation in bytes
     /// and must be a power of two.</summary>
     Int32 alignment,
     /// <summary>allocationScope is a VkSystemAllocationScope value
     /// specifying the allocation scope of the lifetime of the allocation, as
     /// described here.</summary>
     VkSystemAllocationScope allocationScope);
     // PFN: 1
     /// <summary>PFN_vkDebugReportCallbackEXT - Application-defined debug report callback function</summary>
     public unsafe delegate VkBool32 PFN_vkDebugReportCallbackEXT(
     /// <summary>flags specifies the VkDebugReportFlagBitsEXT that triggered
     /// this callback.</summary>
     VkDebugReportFlagBitsEXT flags,
     /// <summary>objectType is a VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT value specifying
     /// the type of object being used or created at the time the event was
     /// triggered.</summary>
     VkDebugReportObjectTypeEXT _objectType,
     /// <summary>object is the object where the issue was detected.
     /// If objectType is VK_DEBUG_REPORT_OBJECT_TYPE_UNKNOWN_EXT,
     /// object is undefined.</summary>
     UInt64 _object,
     /// <summary>location is a component (layer, driver, loader) defined value that
     /// specifies the location of the trigger.
     /// This is an optional value.</summary>
     Int32 location,
     /// <summary>messageCode is a layer-defined value indicating what test
     /// triggered this callback.</summary>
     Int32 messageCode,
     /// <summary>pLayerPrefix is a null-terminated string that is an abbreviation
     /// of the name of the component making the callback.
     /// pLayerPrefix is only valid for the duration of the callback.</summary>
     IntPtr pLayerPrefix,
     /// <summary>pMessage is a null-terminated string detailing the trigger
     /// conditions.
     /// pMessage is only valid for the duration of the callback.</summary>
     IntPtr pMessage,
     /// <summary>pUserData is the user data given when the
     /// VkDebugReportCallbackEXT was created.</summary>
     void* pUserData);

可以看到，函数注释和参数注释都十分详尽，看了就开心。

Struct

对于Struct的解析也与Enum类似，不再赘述。解析后得到434个结构体。其中几个如下：

     // Struct: 4
     /// <summary>VkAllocationCallbacks - Structure containing callback function pointers for memory allocation
     /// </summary>
     public unsafe struct VkAllocationCallbacks {
         /// <summary> pUserData is a value to be interpreted by the implementation of
         /// the callbacks.
         /// When any of the callbacks in VkAllocationCallbacks are called, the
         /// Vulkan implementation will pass this value as the first parameter to the
         /// callback.
         /// This value can vary each time an allocator is passed into a command,
         /// even when the same object takes an allocator in multiple commands.</summary>
         public void* pUserData;
         /// <summary> pfnAllocation is a pointer to an application-defined memory
         /// allocation function of type PFN_vkAllocationFunction.</summary>
         public /*PFN_vkAllocationFunction*/IntPtr pfnAllocation;
         /// <summary> pfnReallocation is a pointer to an application-defined memory
         /// reallocation function of type PFN_vkReallocationFunction.</summary>
         public /*PFN_vkReallocationFunction*/IntPtr pfnReallocation;
         /// <summary> pfnFree is a pointer to an application-defined memory free
         /// function of type PFN_vkFreeFunction.</summary>
         public /*PFN_vkFreeFunction*/IntPtr pfnFree;
         /// <summary> pfnInternalAllocation is a pointer to an application-defined
         /// function that is called by the implementation when the implementation
         /// makes internal allocations, and it is of type
         /// PFN_vkInternalAllocationNotification.</summary>
         public /*PFN_vkInternalAllocationNotification*/IntPtr pfnInternalAllocation;
         /// <summary> pfnInternalFree is a pointer to an application-defined function
         /// that is called by the implementation when the implementation frees
         /// internal allocations, and it is of type
         /// PFN_vkInternalFreeNotification.</summary>
         public /*PFN_vkInternalFreeNotification*/IntPtr pfnInternalFree;
 }
     // Struct: 9
     /// <summary>VkApplicationInfo - Structure specifying application info
     /// </summary>
     public unsafe struct VkApplicationInfo {
         /// <summary> sType is the type of this structure.</summary>
         public VkStructureType sType;
         /// <summary> pNext is NULL or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</summary>
         public /*-const-*/ void* pNext;
         /// <summary> pApplicationName is NULL or is a pointer to a null-terminated
         /// UTF-8 string containing the name of the application.</summary>
         public IntPtr pApplicationName;
         /// <summary> applicationVersion is an unsigned integer variable containing the
         /// developer-supplied version number of the application.</summary>
         public UInt32 applicationVersion;
         /// <summary> pEngineName is NULL or is a pointer to a null-terminated UTF-8
         /// string containing the name of the engine (if any) used to create the
         /// application.</summary>
         public IntPtr pEngineName;
         /// <summary> engineVersion is an unsigned integer variable containing the
         /// developer-supplied version number of the engine used to create the
         /// application.</summary>
         public UInt32 engineVersion;
         /// <summary> apiVersion
         ///   must be the highest version of Vulkan that the
         /// application is designed to use, encoded as described in
         /// html/vkspec.html#extendingvulkan-coreversions-versionnumbers.
         /// The patch version number specified in apiVersion is ignored when
         /// creating an instance object.
         /// Only the major and minor versions of the instance must match those
         /// requested in apiVersion.</summary>
         public UInt32 apiVersion;
 }
     // Struct: 193
     /// <summary>VkInstanceCreateInfo - Structure specifying parameters of a newly created instance
     /// </summary>
     public unsafe struct VkInstanceCreateInfo {
         /// <summary> sType is the type of this structure.</summary>
         public VkStructureType sType;
         /// <summary> pNext is NULL or a pointer to an extension-specific structure.</summary>
         public /*-const-*/ void* pNext;
         /// <summary> flags is reserved for future use.</summary>
         public VkInstanceCreateFlags flags;
         /// <summary> pApplicationInfo is NULL or a pointer to an instance of
         /// VkApplicationInfo.
         /// If not NULL, this information helps implementations recognize behavior
         /// inherent to classes of applications.
         /// VkApplicationInfo is defined in detail below.</summary>
         public /*-const-*/ VkApplicationInfo* pApplicationInfo;
         /// <summary> enabledLayerCount is the number of global layers to enable.</summary>
         public UInt32 enabledLayerCount;
         /// <summary> ppEnabledLayerNames is a pointer to an array of
         /// enabledLayerCount null-terminated UTF-8 strings containing the
         /// names of layers to enable for the created instance.
         /// See the html/vkspec.html#extendingvulkan-layers section for further details.</summary>
         public IntPtr /*-const-*/ * ppEnabledLayerNames;
         /// <summary> enabledExtensionCount is the number of global extensions to
         /// enable.</summary>
         public UInt32 enabledExtensionCount;
         /// <summary> ppEnabledExtensionNames is a pointer to an array of
         /// enabledExtensionCount null-terminated UTF-8 strings containing the
         /// names of extensions to enable.</summary>
         public IntPtr /*-const-*/ * ppEnabledExtensionNames;
     }

这里有几点要注意。

函数委托用在struct中后，这个struct无法使用指针形式（SomeStruct*），所以这里不得不用IntPtr代替了具体的函数委托。

在 IntPtr pApplicationName 中应当用 Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi(string s) 为其赋值。函数 Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi(string s) 会在非托管内存中为s创建一个副本，然后返回此副本的指针。这样pApplicationName才会指向一个固定位置的字符串。当然，用完后，这个副本应当用 Marshal.FreeHGlobal(IntPtr hglobal) 释放掉。为了简化这一过程，我提供一个扩展函数：

         /// <summary>
         /// Set a string to specified <paramref name="target"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="value"></param>
         /// <param name="target">address of string.</param>
         public static void Set(this string value, ref IntPtr target) {
             {   // free unmanaged memory.
                 if (target != IntPtr.Zero) {
                     Marshal.FreeHGlobal(target);
                     target = IntPtr.Zero;
                 }
             }
             {
                 if (value != null && value.Length > ) {
                     target = Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi(value);
                 }
                 else {
                     target = IntPtr.Zero;
                 }
             }
         }

这个扩展函数会将上一次 Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi() 的内存释放，但是无法保证这次的。也就是说，它可以保证，最多还只需调用1次内存释放函数Marshal.FreeHGlobal(IntPtr hglobal)。

在 public IntPtr /*-const-*/ * ppEnabledLayerNames; 中也有类似的问题，这个成员指向一个IntPtr数组，这个数组的每个成员都是一个IntPtr，每个IntPtr都指向一个由 Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi(string s) 提供的返回值。所以这需要另一个扩展函数来简化之：

         /// <summary>
         /// Set an array of structs to specified <paramref name="target"/> and <paramref name="count"/>.
         /// <para>Enumeration types are not allowed to use this method.
         /// If you have to, convert them to byte/short/ushort/int/uint according to their underlying types first.</para>
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="value"></param>
         /// <param name="target">address of first element/array.</param>
         /// <param name="count">How many elements?</param>
         public static void Set<T>(this T[] value, ref IntPtr target, ref UInt32 count) where T : struct {
             {   // free unmanaged memory.
                 if (target != IntPtr.Zero) {
                     Marshal.FreeHGlobal(target);
                     target = IntPtr.Zero;
                     count = ;
                 }
             }
             {
                 count = (UInt32)value.Length;

                 int elementSize = Marshal.SizeOf<T>();
                 int byteLength = (int)(count * elementSize);
                 IntPtr array = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(byteLength);
                 var dst = (byte*)array;
                 GCHandle pin = GCHandle.Alloc(value, GCHandleType.Pinned);
                 IntPtr address = Marshal.UnsafeAddrOfPinnedArrayElement(value, );
                 var src = (byte*)address;
                 for (int i = ; i < byteLength; i++) {
                     dst[i] = src[i];
                 }
                 pin.Free();

                 target = array;
             }
         }

在此函数参数中，我使用 ref IntPtr target ，而不是 ref T* target ，是因为C#不允许这样。编译器说，无法获取托管类型（”T”）的大小，或声明指向它的指针。那么在调用此扩展函数时，就得先创建一个临时变量 IntPtr ptr = IntPtr.Zero ，调用完扩展函数后，再将ptr赋予具体类型的指针。例如：

         var deviceInfo = new VkDeviceCreateInfo();
         IntPtr ptr = IntPtr.Zero;
         new VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo[] { queueInfo }.Set(ref ptr, ref deviceInfo.queueCreateInfoCount);
         deviceInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = (VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo*)ptr;

好消息是，对于字符串数组string[]和（

bool、byte、short、int、long、char、sbyte、ushort、uint、ulong、float、double

）这12种特殊基础类型的数组，可以直接使用Set扩展函数。因为我专门为它们编写了特定的扩展函数。

Command

对于Command的解析也与Struct类似，不再赘述。解析后得到326个command，几个例子如下：

         // Command: 4
         /// <summary>vkAllocateCommandBuffers - Allocate command buffers from an existing command pool
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="device"> device is the logical device that owns the command pool.</param>
         /// <param name="pAllocateInfo"> pAllocateInfo is a pointer to an instance of the
         /// VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo structure describing parameters of the
         /// allocation.</param>
         /// <param name="pCommandBuffers"> pCommandBuffers is a pointer to an array of VkCommandBuffer
         /// handles in which the resulting command buffer objects are returned.
         /// The array must be at least the length specified by the
         /// commandBufferCount member of pAllocateInfo.
         /// Each allocated command buffer begins in the initial state.</param>
         [DllImport(VulkanLibrary, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Winapi)]
         public static extern VkResult vkAllocateCommandBuffers(
             VkDevice device,
             /*-const-*/ VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo* pAllocateInfo,
             VkCommandBuffer* pCommandBuffers);
         // Command: 324
         /// <summary>vkUpdateDescriptorSets - Update the contents of a descriptor set object
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="device"> device is the logical device that updates the descriptor sets.</param>
         /// <param name="descriptorWriteCount"> descriptorWriteCount is the number of elements in the
         /// pDescriptorWrites array.</param>
         /// <param name="pDescriptorWrites"> pDescriptorWrites is a pointer to an array of
         /// VkWriteDescriptorSet structures describing the descriptor sets to
         /// write to.</param>
         /// <param name="descriptorCopyCount"> descriptorCopyCount is the number of elements in the
         /// pDescriptorCopies array.</param>
         /// <param name="pDescriptorCopies"> pDescriptorCopies is a pointer to an array of
         /// VkCopyDescriptorSet structures describing the descriptor sets to
         /// copy between.</param>
         [DllImport(VulkanLibrary, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Winapi)]
         public static extern void vkUpdateDescriptorSets(
             VkDevice device,
             UInt32 descriptorWriteCount,
             /*-const-*/ VkWriteDescriptorSet* pDescriptorWrites,
             UInt32 descriptorCopyCount,
             /*-const-*/ VkCopyDescriptorSet* pDescriptorCopies);

其中有一个函数使用了 void** 这个二级指针，我觉得实在难看又难用，就用 IntPtr* 代替了。

对非托管内存的管理（释放）问题

每个struct都应该自己负责自己使用的非托管资源的释放问题。给这样的struct的指针成员 T* p; 赋值时，也应当为数据复制一个副本，将副本赋值给p。这样它释放资源时，就不会影响到其它地方了。实际上，在各个扩展函数 Set(..) 中，我就是用副本赋值的。

如果struct的指针成员 T* p; 实际上只需得到1个对象，也就是说，数组中的元素只有1个，那么可以直接将此元素的地址赋值给p，并且不释放资源。例如：

     UInt32 index = ;
     var info = new VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR();
     {
         info.sType = VkStructureType.VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
         // other stuff ..
         //new UInt32[] { 0 }.Set(ref info.QueueFamilyIndices, ref info.QueueFamilyIndexCount);
         info.pQueueFamilyIndices = &index; info.queueFamilyIndexCount = ;
     }

     VkSwapchainKHR swapchain;
     vkAPI.vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &info, null, &swapchain);

这是稳妥、可移植、无需程序员直接写 Marshal. AllocHGlobal() 的内存管理方法。

那么，如果程序员忘记释放某些struct的资源了呢？Vulkan说，程序员应当清楚自己在做什么，不然他们何必用Vulkan。我觉得呢，这些struct不会被反复使用，因此，它们最多泄漏一点点内存，不会像服务器代码那样占用越来越多的内存，所以不碍事的。

总结

有了这么带劲的注释，整个档次都不一样了。