如何用django框架完整的写一个项目

实现目标及功能，增删改，并且实现搜索，分页，日期插件，删除提示，以及批量导入等功能

软件版本：

python3.5

django1.11

一  用pycharm创建一个项目，名字自定义

二 编辑urls.py

 from django.conf.urls import url, include
 from django.contrib import admin
 from hnf import views

 urlpatterns = [
     # 无论访问那个页面都会跳转到登陆页面
     url(r'^$', views.login),
     # 登陆
     url(r'^login', views.login),
     # 注销
     url(r'^logout', views.logout),
     # 搜索
     url(r'^search', views.search, name='search'),
     # django自带后台
     url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
     # 展示页面
     url(r'^asset/list/$', views.asset_list, name='asset_list'),
     url(r'^asset/add/$', views.asset_add),
     url(r'^asset/edit/(?P<cid>\d+)/$', views.asset_edit),
     url(r'^asset/del/(?P<cid>\d+)/$', views.asset_del),
     # 导入
     url(r'^asset/import/$', views.asset_import),
     # 导入模板
     url(r'^asset/tpl/$', views.asset_tpl),

三 创建数据库，我这里默认用的sqlite

 from django.db import models

 # Create your models here.

 class Asset(models.Model):
     """
     资产表
     """
     brand = models.CharField(verbose_name='品牌', max_length=32)
     model = models.CharField(verbose_name='型号', max_length=32)
     number = models.CharField(verbose_name='编号', max_length=32)
     leader_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='领用时间', max_length=32)
     leader = models.CharField(verbose_name='领用人', max_length=32)
     return_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='归还时间', max_length=32,null=True)
     other = models.CharField(verbose_name='备注', max_length=128,null=True)

     def __str__(self):

         return self.leader

     class Meta:
         verbose_name="资产表"
         verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

然后用下面两条命令去生成数据库

python3 manage.py makemigrations

python3 manage.py migrate

四 更改views.py

 import os
 import mimetypes
 from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
 from django.http import FileResponse
 from django.conf import settings
 import xlrd
 from asset import mypage
 from hnf.forms.customer import UserinfoForm
 from hnf.forms.asset import AssetForm
 from hnf import models

 from django.contrib import auth
 from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
 from hnf.utils.urls import memory_reverse

 # Create your views here.
 # 登录页面
 def login(request):
     if request.method == "GET":
         return render(request, "login.html")
     else:
         next_url = request.GET.get("next")

         username = request.POST.get("username")
         pwd = request.POST.get("password")
         user_obj = auth.authenticate(request, username=username, password=pwd)
         if user_obj:
             auth.login(request, user_obj)  # # 给该次请求设置了session数据，并在响应中回写cookie
             if next_url:
                 return redirect(next_url)
             else:
                 return redirect("/asset/list/")
         else:
             return render(request, "login.html", {"error_msg": "用户名或密码错误"})

 # 注销页面
 def logout(request):
     auth.logout(request)
     return redirect("/login/")

 def search(request):
     q = request.GET.get('q')
     error_msg = ''

     if not q:
         error_msg = '请输入关键词'
         return render(request, 'result.html', {'error_msg': error_msg})

     # post_list = models.Asset.objects.filter(leader__icontains=q)
     # for i in post_list:
     data_list=models.Asset.objects.filter(leader__contains=q)
     return render(request, 'result.html', {'error_msg': error_msg, 'post_list': data_list})

 @login_required()
 def asset_list(request):
     """
     资产列表
     :return:
     """
     data_list = models.Asset.objects.all()
     print(data_list)
     total_count = data_list.count()

     current_page = request.GET.get("page")

     page_boj = mypage.MyPage(current_page, total_count, url_prefix="asset/list")
     data = data_list[page_boj.start:page_boj.end]  # 从第几页显示到第几页

     page_html = page_boj.page_html()  # 页面
     page_num = page_boj.num()  # 序号

     return render(request, 'asset_list.html', {'data_list': data, 'page_html': page_html, 'num': page_num})

 def asset_add(request):
     """
     添加资产
     :param request:
     :return:
     """
     if request.method == 'GET':
         form = AssetForm()
         return render(request, 'asset_add.html', {'form': form})
     form = AssetForm(data=request.POST)
     if form.is_valid():
         form.save()
         return redirect('/asset/list/')
     return render(request, 'asset_add.html', {'form': form})

 def asset_edit(request, cid):
     """
     编辑资产
     :return:
     """
     obj = models.Asset.objects.get(id=cid)
     if request.method == 'GET':
         form = AssetForm(instance=obj)
         return render(request, 'asset_edit.html', {'form': form})
     form = AssetForm(data=request.POST, instance=obj)
     if form.is_valid():
         form.save()
         return redirect('/asset/list/')
     return render(request, 'asset_edit.html', {'form': form})

 def asset_del(request, cid):
     """
     删除资产
     :param request:
     :param cid:
     :return:
     """
     # models.Asset.objects.filter(id=cid).delete()
     #
     # return redirect('/asset/list/')

     origin = memory_reverse(request, 'asset_list')
     print(origin)
     if request.method == 'GET':
         return render(request, 'delete.html', {'cancel': origin})
     models.Asset.objects.filter(id=cid).delete()
     return redirect(origin)

 def asset_import(request):
     """
     批量导入用户
     :param request:
     :return:
     """

     if request.method == 'GET':
         return render(request, 'asset_import.html')

     context = {'status': True, 'msg': '导入成功'}
     try:
         customer_excel = request.FILES.get('customer_excel')
         """
         打开上传的Excel文件，并读取内容
         注：打开本地文件时，可以使用：workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(filename='本地文件路径.xlsx')
         """
         workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(file_contents=customer_excel.file.read())

         # sheet = workbook.sheet_by_name('工作表1')
         sheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(0)
         row_map = {
             0: {'text': '品牌', 'name': 'brand'},
             1: {'text': '型号', 'name': 'model'},
             2: {'text': '编号', 'name': 'number'},
             3: {'text': '领用时间', 'name': 'leader_time'},
             4: {'text': '领用人', 'name': 'leader'},
             5: {'text': '归还时间', 'name': 'return_time'},
             6: {'text': '备注', 'name': 'other'},

         }
         object_list = []
         for row_num in range(1, sheet.nrows):
             row = sheet.row(row_num)
             print(row)
             row_dict = {}
             for col_num, name_text in row_map.items():
                 row_dict[name_text['name']] = row[col_num].value
             object_list.append(models.Asset(**row_dict))

         models.Asset.objects.bulk_create(object_list, batch_size=20)
     except Exception as e:
         context['status'] = False
         context['msg'] = '导入失败'

     return render(request, 'asset_import.html', context)

 def asset_tpl(request):
     """
     下载批量导入Excel列表
     :param request:
     :return:
     """
     tpl_path = os.path.join(settings.BASE_DIR, 'hnf', 'files', '批量导入资产模板.xlsx')
     content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(tpl_path)[0]
     print(content_type)
     response = FileResponse(open(tpl_path, mode='rb'), content_type=content_type)
     response['Content-Disposition'] = "attachment;filename=%s" % 'asset_excel_tpl.xlsx'
     return response

五 在templates下面添加html页面,我这里举例是asset_list页面

 {% extends 'layout.html' %}

 {% block content %}

     <div class="luffy-container">
         <div class="btn-group" style="margin: 5px 0">
             <a class="btn btn-default" href="/asset/add/">
                 <i class="fa fa-plus-square" aria-hidden="true"></i> 添加资产
             </a>
             <a class="btn btn-default" href="/asset/import/">
                 <i class="fa fa-file-excel-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> 批量导入
             </a>
             <div class="right" style="margin-left: 911px" >
                 <form method="get" action="{% url 'search' %}">
 {#                  {% csrf_token %}#}
                   <input name="q"  type="search" placeholder="请输入姓名" required>
                   <button type="submit">搜索</button>
                 </form>

             </div>

         </div>

         <table class="table table-bordered table-hover">
             <thead>
             <tr>
                 <th>ID</th>
                 <th>品牌</th>
                 <th>型号</th>
                 <th>编号</th>
                 <th>领用时间</th>
                 <th>领用人</th>
                 <th>归还时间</th>
                 <th>备注</th>
                 <th>编辑</th>

             </tr>
             </thead>
             <tbody>
             {% for row in data_list %}
                 <tr>
                     <td>{{ row.id }}</td>
                     <td>{{ row.brand }}</td>
                     <td>{{ row.model }}</td>
                     <td>{{ row.number }}</td>
                     <td>{{ row.leader_time|date:"Y-m-d" }}</td>
                     <td>{{ row.leader }}</td>
                     <td>{{ row.return_time|date:"Y-m-d" }}</td>
                     <td>{{ row.other }}</td>

                     <td>
                         <a style="color: #333333;" href="/asset/edit/{{ row.id }}/">
                             <i class="fa fa-edit" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
                         |
                         <a style="color: #d9534f;" href="/asset/del/{{ row.id }}/"><i class="fa fa-trash-o"></i></a>
                     </td>

                 </tr>
             {% endfor %}
             </tbody>
         </table>
     {{ page_html|safe }}
     </div>
 {% endblock %}

六  最后启动django项目，用浏览器访问即可

七 总结用到的知识点：

1 django自动的auth模块，以及django自带的数据库，自动实现密码加密，用户登录认证等功能，代码如下：

其中 @login_required() 也是auth模块里面的，作用是当访问list页面的时候，必须要先登陆

 from django.contrib import auth
 def login(request):
     if request.method == "GET":
         return render(request, "login.html")
     else:
         next_url = request.GET.get("next")

         username = request.POST.get("username")
         pwd = request.POST.get("password")
         user_obj = auth.authenticate(request, username=username, password=pwd)
         if user_obj:
             auth.login(request, user_obj)  # # 给该次请求设置了session数据，并在响应中回写cookie
             if next_url:
                 return redirect(next_url)
             else:
                 return redirect("/asset/list/")
         else:
             return render(request, "login.html", {"error_msg": "用户名或密码错误"})

 # 注销页面
 def logout(request):
     auth.logout(request)
     return redirect("/login/")

 @login_required()
 def asset_list(request):
     """
     资产列表
     :return:
     """
     data_list = models.Asset.objects.all()
     print(data_list)
     total_count = data_list.count()

     current_page = request.GET.get("page")

     page_boj = mypage.MyPage(current_page, total_count, url_prefix="asset/list")
     data = data_list[page_boj.start:page_boj.end]  # 从第几页显示到第几页

     page_html = page_boj.page_html()  # 页面
     page_num = page_boj.num()  # 序号

     return render(request, 'asset_list.html', {'data_list': data, 'page_html': page_html, 'num': page_num})

2  搜索功能

 def search(request):
     q = request.GET.get('q')
     error_msg = ''

     if not q:
         error_msg = '请输入关键词'
         return render(request, 'result.html', {'error_msg': error_msg})

     data_list=models.Asset.objects.filter(leader__contains=q)  # 利用了orm的语法查询关键字
     return render(request, 'result.html', {'error_msg': error_msg, 'post_list': data_list})

3 分页功能，需要先自定义一个分页的函数叫MyPage（可自定义），然后导入引用

 def asset_list(request):
     """
     资产列表
     :return:
     """
     data_list = models.Asset.objects.all()
     ###分页开始     total_count = data_list.count()

     current_page = request.GET.get("page")

     page_boj = mypage.MyPage(current_page, total_count, url_prefix="asset/list")
     data = data_list[page_boj.start:page_boj.end]  # 从第几页显示到第几页

     page_html = page_boj.page_html()  # 页面
     page_num = page_boj.num()  # 序号
       ###分页结束

     return render(request, 'asset_list.html', {'data_list': data, 'page_html': page_html, 'num': page_num})

4 日期插件功能，效果如图所示，这是导入了第三方的laydate,具体参考 https://www.layui.com/laydate/

实现方法，在html页面里面先导入一个js，#id_return_time'代表的是input框的id值，如何查看这个框的id值，可以f12,选中这个input框去查看

 {% block js %}
     <script src="/static/laydate/laydate.js"></script>

 <script>
 //执行一个laydate实例
 laydate.render({
   elem: '#id_leader_time'

 });
 </script>

 <script>
 //执行一个laydate实例
 laydate.render({
   elem: '#id_return_time'

 });
 </script>
 {% endblock %}

5  删除提示实现代码

 def asset_del(request, cid):
     """
     删除资产
     :param request:
     :param cid:
     :return:
     """
     # models.Asset.objects.filter(id=cid).delete()
     #
     # return redirect('/asset/list/')

     origin = memory_reverse(request, 'asset_list')
     print(origin)
     if request.method == 'GET':
         return render(request, 'delete.html', {'cancel': origin}) # 这里是代表点取消之后返回原来的页面
     models.Asset.objects.filter(id=cid).delete()
     return redirect(origin)

然后再增加一个delete.html页面，取消里面的这个href这里一定要和views里面的  return render(request, 'delete.html', {'cancel': origin})，一样。

 {% extends 'layout.html' %}

 {% block content %}
     <div class="luffy-container">
         <div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">
             <form method="post">
                 {% csrf_token %}
                 <p style="font-size: 13px;"><i class="fa fa-warning" aria-hidden="true"></i> 删除后将不可恢复，请确定是否删除？</p>
                 <div style="margin-top: 20px;">
                     <a href="{{ cancel }}" class="btn btn-default btn-sm">取消</a>
                     <button type="submit" class="btn btn-danger btn-sm">确 认</button>
                 </div>
             </form>
         </div>
     </div>

 {% endblock %}

6 批量导入功能

import xlrd
def asset_import(request):
    """
    批量导入
    :param request:
    :return:
    """

    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render(request, 'asset_import.html')

    context = {'status': True, 'msg': '导入成功'}
    try:
        customer_excel = request.FILES.get('customer_excel')
        """
        打开上传的Excel文件，并读取内容
        注：打开本地文件时，可以使用：workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(filename='本地文件路径.xlsx')
        """
        workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(file_contents=customer_excel.file.read())

        # sheet = workbook.sheet_by_name('工作表1')
        sheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(0)
        row_map = {
            0: {'text': '品牌', 'name': 'brand'},
            1: {'text': '型号', 'name': 'model'},
            2: {'text': '编号', 'name': 'number'},
            3: {'text': '领用时间', 'name': 'leader_time'},
            4: {'text': '领用人', 'name': 'leader'},
            5: {'text': '归还时间', 'name': 'return_time'},
            6: {'text': '备注', 'name': 'other'},

        }
        object_list = []
        for row_num in range(1, sheet.nrows):
            row = sheet.row(row_num)
            print(row)
            row_dict = {}
            for col_num, name_text in row_map.items():
                row_dict[name_text['name']] = row[col_num].value
            object_list.append(models.Asset(**row_dict))

        models.Asset.objects.bulk_create(object_list, batch_size=20)
    except Exception as e:
        context['status'] = False
        context['msg'] = '导入失败'

    return render(request, 'asset_import.html', context)

7 form组件

 from django.forms import ModelForm, Form
 from django import forms
 from hnf import models

 class AssetForm(ModelForm):
     class Meta:
         model = models.Asset
         fields = "__all__"

     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):

         super(AssetForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

         for name, field in self.fields.items():
             field.widget.attrs['class'] = 'form-control' # 应用样式
             # field.widget.attrs['id'] = 'time' # 应用样式
             field.widget.attrs['placeholder'] = field.label #默认显示的字段

         self.fields['other'].required = False # 是否允许字段为空，false是允许为空，true不允许
         self.fields['return_time'].required = False

views里面的配置

 def asset_add(request):
     """
     添加资产
     :param request:
     :return:
     """
     if request.method == 'GET':
         form = AssetForm()
         return render(request, 'asset_add.html', {'form': form})
     form = AssetForm(data=request.POST)
     if form.is_valid():
         form.save()
         return redirect('/asset/list/')
     return render(request, 'asset_add.html', {'form': form})

html页面配置

 {% extends 'layout.html' %}

 {% block content %}
     <div class="luffy-container">
         <form class="form-horizontal clearfix" method="post" novalidate>
             {% csrf_token %}

             {% for field in form %}
                 <div class="form-group col-sm-6 clearfix">
                     <label class="col-sm-3 control-label">{{ field.label }}</label>
                     <div class="col-sm-9">
                         {{ field }} <span style="color:firebrick;">{{ field.errors.0 }}</span>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             {% endfor %}
             <div class="form-group col-sm-12">
                 <div class="col-sm-6">
                     <div class="col-sm-offset-3">
                         <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">提 交</button>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </div>
         </form>
     </div>
 {% endblock %}

 {% block js %}
     <script src="/static/laydate/laydate.js"></script>

 <script>
 //执行一个laydate实例
 laydate.render({
   elem: '#id_leader_time'

 });
 </script>

 <script>
 //执行一个laydate实例
 laydate.render({
   elem: '#id_return_time'

 });
 </script>
 {% endblock %}

完整代码见gitlab    https://github.com/huningfei/asset.git

分支名  asset-laydate