【深入Java虚拟机】二 类加载与双亲委派

https://blog.csdn.net/zhangliangzi/article/details/51338291  -参考

双亲委派过程：当一个类加载器收到类加载任务时，立即将任务委派给它的父类加载器去执行，直至委派给最顶层的启动类加载器为止。如果父类加载器无法加载委派给它的类时，将类加载任务退回给它的下一级加载器去执行;除了启动类加载器以外，每个类加载器拥有一个父类加载器，用户的自定义类加载器的父类加载器是AppClassLoader；双亲委派模型可以保证全限名指定的类，只被加载一次；双亲委派模型不具有强制性约束，是Java设计者推荐的类加载器实现方式；

双亲委派模型的源码实现：

主要体现在ClassLoader的loadClass()方法中，思路很简单：先检查是否已经被加载过，若没有加载则调用父类加载器的loadClass()方法，若父类加载器为空则默认使用启动类加载器作为父类加载器。如果父类加载器加载失败，抛出ClassNotFoundException异常后，调用自己的findClass()方法进行加载。

/**
     * Loads the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.  The
     * default implementation of this method searches for classes in the
     * following order:
     *
     * <ol>
     *
     *   <li><p> Invoke {@link #findLoadedClass(String)} to check if the class
     *   has already been loaded.  </p></li>
     *
     *   <li><p> Invoke the {@link #loadClass(String) <tt>loadClass</tt>} method
     *   on the parent class loader.  If the parent is <tt>null</tt> the class
     *   loader built-in to the virtual machine is used, instead.  </p></li>
     *
     *   <li><p> Invoke the {@link #findClass(String)} method to find the
     *   class.  </p></li>
     *
     * </ol>
     *
     * <p> If the class was found using the above steps, and the
     * <tt>resolve</tt> flag is true, this method will then invoke the {@link
     * #resolveClass(Class)} method on the resulting <tt>Class</tt> object.
     *
     * <p> Subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> are encouraged to override {@link
     * #findClass(String)}, rather than this method.  </p>
     *
     * <p> Unless overridden, this method synchronizes on the result of
     * {@link #getClassLoadingLock <tt>getClassLoadingLock</tt>} method
     * during the entire class loading process.
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     *
     * @param  resolve
     *         If <tt>true</tt> then resolve the class
     *
     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
     *          If the class could not be found
     */
    protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
            // First, check if the class has already been loaded
            Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);
            if (c == null) {
                long t0 = System.nanoTime();
                try {
                    if (parent != null) {
                        c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
                    } else {
                        c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
                    }
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    // ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found
                    // from the non-null parent class loader
                }

                if (c == null) {
                    // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
                    // to find the class.
                    long t1 = System.nanoTime();
                    c = findClass(name);

                    // this is the defining class loader; record the stats
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
                }
            }
            if (resolve) {
                resolveClass(c);
            }
            return c;
        }
    }

双亲委派的好处：

使用双亲委派模型来组织类加载器之间的关系，有一个很明显的好处，就是Java类随着它的类加载器（说白了，就是它所在的目录）一起具备了一种带有优先级的层次关系，这对于保证Java程序的稳定运作很重要。例如，类java.lang.Object类存放在JDK\jre\lib下的rt.jar之中，因此无论是哪个类加载器要加载此类，最终都会委派给启动类加载器进行加载，这边保证了Object类在程序中的各种类加载器中都是同一个类。

破坏双亲委派的模型： 

参考：

[1] 《Java虚拟机精讲》[2] 《深入理解Java虚拟机 JVM高级特性与最佳实践》[3]   http://blog.csdn.net/zhangliangzi/article/details/51338291

[2] tomcat类加载器

[3] 深入探讨 Java 类加载器：https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-lo-classloader/index.html

[4] 深入理解 Tomcat（四）Tomcat 类加载器之为何违背双亲委派模型 https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38182963/article/details/78660779