Executor框架使用Runnable 作为其基本的任务表示形式。Runnable是一种有局限性的抽象,然后可以写入日志,或者共享的数据结构,但是他不能返回一个值。

  许多任务实际上都是存在延迟计算的:执行数据库查询,从网络上获取资源,或者某个复杂耗时的计算。对于这种任务,Callable是一个更好的抽象,他能返回一个值,并可能抛出一个异常。Future表示一个任务的周期,并提供了相应的方法来判断是否已经完成或者取消,以及获取任务的结果和取消任务。

  

public interface Callable<V> {
/**
* Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
*
* @return computed result
* @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
*/
V call() throws Exception;
}
public interface Future<V> {

    /**
* Attempts to cancel execution of this task. This attempt will
* fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
* or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
* and this task has not started when <tt>cancel</tt> is called,
* this task should never run. If the task has already started,
* then the <tt>mayInterruptIfRunning</tt> parameter determines
* whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
* an attempt to stop the task.
*
* <p>After this method returns, subsequent calls to {@link #isDone} will
* always return <tt>true</tt>. Subsequent calls to {@link #isCancelled}
* will always return <tt>true</tt> if this method returned <tt>true</tt>.
*
* @param mayInterruptIfRunning <tt>true</tt> if the thread executing this
* task should be interrupted; otherwise, in-progress tasks are allowed
* to complete
* @return <tt>false</tt> if the task could not be cancelled,
* typically because it has already completed normally;
* <tt>true</tt> otherwise
*/
boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning); /**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed
* normally.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed
*/
boolean isCancelled(); /**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task completed.
*
* Completion may be due to normal termination, an exception, or
* cancellation -- in all of these cases, this method will return
* <tt>true</tt>.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this task completed
*/
boolean isDone(); /**
* Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
* retrieves its result.
*
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
*/
V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException; /**
* Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
* to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
*
* @param timeout the maximum time to wait
* @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
* @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
*/
V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

  可以通过多种方法来创建一个Future来描述任务。ExecutorService中的submit方法接受一个Runnable或者Callable,然后返回一个Future来获得任务的执行结果或者取消任务。

    /**
* Submits a value-returning task for execution and returns a
* Future representing the pending results of the task. The
* Future's <tt>get</tt> method will return the task's result upon
* successful completion.
*
* <p>
* If you would like to immediately block waiting
* for a task, you can use constructions of the form
* <tt>result = exec.submit(aCallable).get();</tt>
*
* <p> Note: The {@link Executors} class includes a set of methods
* that can convert some other common closure-like objects,
* for example, {@link java.security.PrivilegedAction} to
* {@link Callable} form so they can be submitted.
*
* @param task the task to submit
* @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
* scheduled for execution
* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
*/
<T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task); /**
* Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future
* representing that task. The Future's <tt>get</tt> method will
* return the given result upon successful completion.
*
* @param task the task to submit
* @param result the result to return
* @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
* scheduled for execution
* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
*/
<T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result); /**
* Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future
* representing that task. The Future's <tt>get</tt> method will
* return <tt>null</tt> upon <em>successful</em> completion.
*
* @param task the task to submit
* @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
* @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
* scheduled for execution
* @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
*/
Future<?> submit(Runnable task);

  另外ThreadPoolExecutor中的newTaskFor(Callable<T> task) 可以返回一个FutureTask。

假设我们通过一个方法从远程获取一些计算结果,假设方法是  List getDataFromRemote(),如果采用同步的方法,代码大概是 List data = getDataFromRemote(),我们将一直等待getDataFromRemote返回,然后才能继续后面的工作,这个函数是从远程获取计算结果的,如果需要很长时间,后面的代码又和这个数据没有什么关系的话,阻塞在那里就会浪费很多时间。我们有什么办法可以改进呢???

能够想到的办法是调用函数后,立即返回,然后继续执行,等需要用数据的时候,再取或者等待这个数据。具体实现有两种方式,一个是用Future,另一个是回调。

        Future<List> future = getDataFromRemoteByFuture();
//do something....
List data = future.get();

  可以看到我们返回的是一个Future对象,然后接着自己的处理后面通过future.get()来获得我们想要的值。也就是说在执行getDataFromRemoteByFuture的时候,就已经启动了对远程计算结果的获取,同时自己的线程还继续执行不阻塞。知道获取时候再拿数据就可以。看一下getDataFromRemoteByFuture的实现:

private Future<List> getDataFromRemoteByFuture() {

        return threadPool.submit(new Callable<List>() {
@Override
public List call() throws Exception {
return getDataFromRemote();
}
});
}

我们在这个方法中调用getDataFromRemote方法,并且用到了线程池。把任务加入线程池之后,理解返回Future对象。Future的get方法,还可以传入一个超时参数,用来设置等待时间,不会一直等下去。

也可以利用FutureTask来获取结果:

    

    FutureTask<List> futureTask = new FutureTask<List>(new Callable<List>() {
@Override
public List call() throws Exception {
return getDataFromRemote();
}
}); threadPool.submit(futureTask); futureTask.get();

FutureTask是一个具体的实现类,ThreadPoolExecutor的submit方法返回的就是一个Future的实现,这个实现就是FutureTask的一个具体实例,FutureTask帮助实现了具体的任务执行,以及和Future接口中的get方法的关联。FutureTask除了帮助ThreadPool很好的实现了对加入线程池任务的Future支持外,也为我们提供了很大的便利,使得我们自己也可以实现支持Future的任务调度。

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