React错误边界：原理、实现与应用
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.markdown-body h3:before { border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); width: 100%; content: ""; display: block; height: 28px; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; bottom: -2px; margin: auto; background-size: 28px 28px; background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,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"); background-repeat: no-repeat; animation: 2s infinite alternate h3animationbefore }
@keyframes h3AnimationBefore { 0% { width: 28px } 25% { width: 100% } 50% { width: 100% } 100% { width: 100% } }
.markdown-body h3:after { content: ""; display: block; width: 28px; height: 28px; position: absolute; border: 2px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); border-radius: 50%; right: -15px; top: 0; bottom: 0; margin: auto; background-size: 28px 28px; background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,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"); animation: 2s infinite alternate h3animationafter }
@keyframes h3AnimationAfter { 0% { } 10% { } 50% { transform: rotate(-1turn) } 100% { transform: rotate(-1turn) } }
.markdown-body h4 { font-size: 16px }
.markdown-body h5 { font-size: 15px }
.markdown-body h6 { margin-top: 5px }
.markdown-body p { line-height: inherit; margin: 22px 0; letter-spacing: 2px; font-size: 14px; word-spacing: 2px }
.markdown-body img { max-width: 80%; border-radius: 6px; display: block; margin: 20px auto !important; object-fit: contain; box-shadow: 0 0 16px rgba(110, 110, 110, 0.45) }
.markdown-body figcaption { display: block; font-size: 13px; color: rgba(43, 43, 43, 1) }
.markdown-body figcaption:before { content: ""; background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgBAMAAACBVGfHAAAAGFBMVEVHcExAuPtAuPpAuPtAuPpAuPtAvPxAuPokzOX5AAAAB3RSTlMAkDLqNegkoiUM7wAAAGBJREFUKM9jYBhcgMkBTUDVBE1BeDGqEtXychNUBeXlKEqACsrLQxB8lnCQQClCiWt5OYoSiAIkJVAF5eVBqAqAShTAAs7l5ShKWMwRAmAlSArASpAVgJUkCqIAscESHwCVVjMBK9JnbQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="); display: inline-block; width: 18px; height: 18px; background-size: 18px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: -5px }
.markdown-body hr { border-top: 1px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); border-right: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; margin-top: 32px; margin-bottom: 32px }
.markdown-body del { color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1) }
.markdown-body code { border-radius: 2px; overflow-x: auto; background-color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.08); color: rgba(38, 198, 218, 1); padding: 0.195em 0.4em }
.markdown-body pre { font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, Courier New, monospace; overflow: auto; position: relative; line-height: 1.75; box-shadow: 0 0 8px rgba(110, 110, 110, 0.45); border-radius: 4px; margin: 16px }
.markdown-body pre:before { content: ""; display: block; height: 30px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: -7px; background: url("data:image/png;base64,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") 10px 10px / 40px no-repeat }
.markdown-body pre>code { font-size: 12px; padding: 15px 12px; margin: 0; word-break: normal; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 1); background: rgba(248, 248, 248, 1) }
.markdown-body a { color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; margin: 0 4px }
.markdown-body a:active, .markdown-body a:hover { background-color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.1) }
.markdown-body strong { color: rgba(38, 198, 218, 1) }
.markdown-body strong:before { content: "「" }
.markdown-body strong:after { content: "」" }
.markdown-body em { font-style: normal; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); font-weight: 700 }
.markdown-body table { display: inline-block !important; font-size: 12px; width: auto; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; border: 1px solid rgba(246, 246, 246, 1) }
.markdown-body thead { background: rgba(246, 246, 246, 1); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); text-align: left }
.markdown-body tr:nth-child(2n) { background-color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.05) }
.markdown-body td, .markdown-body th { padding: 12px 7px; line-height: 24px }
.markdown-body td { min-width: 120px }
.markdown-body blockquote { margin: 2em 0; padding: 24px 32px; border-left: 4px solid rgba(38, 198, 218, 1); background: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.15); position: relative }
.markdown-body blockquote:before { content: "❝"; top: 8px; left: 8px; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); font-size: 30px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 700; position: absolute; opacity: 0.7 }
.markdown-body blockquote:after { content: "❞"; font-size: 30px; position: absolute; right: 8px; bottom: 0; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); opacity: 0.7 }
.markdown-body blockquote p { color: rgba(89, 89, 89, 1); line-height: 2 }
.markdown-body ol, .markdown-body ul { color: rgba(89, 89, 89, 1); padding-left: 28px }
.markdown-body ol li, .markdown-body ul li { margin-bottom: 0; list-style: inherit }
.markdown-body ol li .task-list-item, .markdown-body ul li .task-list-item { list-style: none }
.markdown-body ol li .task-list-item ol, .markdown-body ol li .task-list-item ul, .markdown-body ul li .task-list-item ol, .markdown-body ul li .task-list-item ul { margin-top: 0 }
.markdown-body ol ol, .markdown-body ol ul, .markdown-body ul ol, .markdown-body ul ul { margin-top: 3px }
.markdown-body ol li { padding-left: 6px }
@media (max-width: 720px) { .markdown-body h1 { font-size: 24px } .markdown-body h2 { font-size: 20px } .markdown-body h3 { font-size: 18px } }.markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre>code.hljs { color: rgba(169, 183, 198, 1); background: rgba(40, 43, 46, 1) }
.hljs-bullet, .hljs-literal, .hljs-number, .hljs-symbol { color: rgba(104, 151, 187, 1) }
.hljs-deletion, .hljs-keyword, .hljs-selector-tag { color: rgba(204, 120, 50, 1) }
.hljs-link, .hljs-template-variable, .hljs-variable { color: rgba(98, 151, 85, 1) }
.hljs-comment, .hljs-quote { color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 1) }
.hljs-meta { color: rgba(187, 181, 41, 1) }
.hljs-addition, .hljs-attribute, .hljs-string { color: rgba(106, 135, 89, 1) }
.hljs-section, .hljs-title, .hljs-type { color: rgba(255, 198, 109, 1) }
.hljs-name, .hljs-selector-class, .hljs-selector-id { color: rgba(232, 191, 106, 1) }
.hljs-emphasis { font-style: italic }
.hljs-strong { font-weight: 700 }
.markdown-body { line-height: 1.75; font-weight: 400; font-size: 15px; overflow-x: hidden; color: rgba(43, 43, 43, 1); font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 219, 252, 0.15) 3%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0), linear-gradient(1turn, rgba(159, 219, 252, 0.15) 3%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0); background-size: 20px 20px; background-position: center }
.markdown-body h1, .markdown-body h2, .markdown-body h3, .markdown-body h4, .markdown-body h5, .markdown-body h6 { padding: 30px 0; margin-top: 35px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1) }
.markdown-body h1 { font-size: 30px; text-align: center; position: relative; width: max-content; margin: 0 auto }
.markdown-body h1:before { position: absolute; content: ""; z-index: -1; top: -20px; height: 100%; width: 100px; left: 0; right: 0; margin: 0 auto; background: 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@keyframes h1Animate { 0% { background-position: right bottom } 50% { background-position: right } 100% { background-position: right bottom } }
.markdown-body h2 { display: block; border-bottom: 4px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); position: relative; font-size: 24px; padding: 12px 32px; margin: 30px 0 }
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.markdown-body h2:after, .markdown-body h2:before { content: ""; display: block; position: absolute; bottom: 0 }
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在React中，错误边界是一种特殊的组件，用于捕获其子组件树中发生的JavaScript错误，并防止这些错误冒泡至更高层，导致整个应用崩溃。通过错误边界，我们可以优雅地处理错误，展示降级UI或回退到另一个状态，确保用户体验的连续性。
错误边界的原理
React的错误边界基于JavaScript的错误冒泡机制。
当一个组件内部发生错误时，这个错误会冒泡至其上级组件，直至遇到错误边界组件。错误边界组件能够捕获这些错误，并有机会进行错误处理。
需要注意的是，错误边界无法捕获事件处理器、异步代码（如setTimeout或requestAnimationFrame回调）、服务端渲染或它自身抛出的错误。
二、错误边界的实现
在React中，错误边界可以通过类组件或函数组件结合Hooks来实现。下面掌门人分别写一下两种实现方式。
类组件实现
import React, { Component } from 'react';
class ErrorBoundary extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}
static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// 当子组件树中发生错误时，更新状态
return { hasError: true };
}
componentDidCatch(error, errorInfo) {
// 你可以在这里记录错误信息、执行清理操作等等
console.error("抓到错误了:", error, errorInfo);
}
render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// 渲染降级后的UI
return <h1>兄弟别搞啊，有错误了。</h1>;
}
// 正常渲染子组件
return this.props.children;
}
}
export default ErrorBoundary;
然后，在需要的地方使用这个错误边界组件包裹可能出错的子组件：
import ErrorBoundary from './ErrorBoundary';
import Button from './Button';
function App() {
return (
<div>
<ErrorBoundary>
<Button />
</ErrorBoundary>
</div>
);
}
export default App;
函数组件与Hooks实现
虽然React官方推荐使用类组件来实现错误边界，但我们也可以通过函数组件结合Hooks来模拟类似的行为。
不过需要注意的是，这种方法并不完全等同于官方的错误边界实现，因此在实际项目中应谨慎使用。
import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
const ErrorBoundary = ({ children }) => {
const [hasError, setHasError] = useState(false);
useEffect(() => {
if (hasError) {
// 清理操作（如果有的话）
}
}, [hasError]);
if (hasError) {
// 渲染降级后的UI
return <h1>兄弟别搞啊，有错误了。</h1>;
}
try {
// 尝试渲染子组件，如果发生错误则捕获
return children;
} catch (error) {
console.error("抓到错误了:", error);
setHasError(true);
// 注意：这里我们不应该重新抛出错误，因为这会导致React无法处理它
// throw error; // 不应该重新抛出错误
return null; // 或者返回一个备用的UI元素
}
};
export default ErrorBoundary;
使用函数式错误边界的方式与类组件类似：
import ErrorBoundary from './ErrorBoundary';
import MyComponent from './MyComponent';
function App() {
return (
<div>
<ErrorBoundary>
<MyComponent />
</ErrorBoundary>
</div>
);
}
export default App;
注意
- 错误边界无法捕获事件处理器、异步代码、服务端渲染或它自身抛出的错误。
- 错误边界应该只用于捕获和处理子组件树中的错误，不应用于处理应用层面的全局错误。
- 在使用错误边界时，要注意不要隐藏或忽略错误，而是应该适当地记录错误信息，并为用户提供有用的反馈。
建议
- 谨慎使用：错误边界并非万能的，它们会增加应用的复杂性。在决定使用错误边界之前，请确保你理解了其工作原理和限制，并确信确实需要它们来处理错误。
- 记录错误信息：在
componentDidCatch或错误处理函数中，务必将错误信息记录到日志或错误跟踪系统中，以便后续分析和修复。 - 降级UI设计：设计好降级UI，确保即使发生错误，用户也能明白当前情况，并知道如何操作。
- 避免滥用：不要在应用的每一层都使用错误边界，这可能会导致错误信息的丢失和调试困难。通常，在应用的顶层或关键组件处使用错误边界就足够了。
- 结合其他错误处理机制：错误边界并不是唯一的错误处理手段，大家还可以结合使用try-catch语句、错误边界组件、全局错误处理器等多种方式，构建一个完善的错误处理体系。
- 测试与验证：在应用中使用错误边界后，必须要进行充分的测试和验证，确保错误能够被正确捕获和处理，并且降级UI能够正常工作。
总结
错误边界是React中处理组件树中JavaScript错误的重要机制。通过实现和使用错误边界，我们可以提高React应用的健壮性和用户体验。
在实践中，我们应该谨慎使用错误边界，结合其他错误处理机制，构建完善的错误处理体系。
好了，下课
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