探索Rust：所有权和借用的魅力与应用
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.markdown-body h3:before { border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); width: 100%; content: ""; display: block; height: 28px; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; bottom: -2px; margin: auto; background-size: 28px 28px; background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,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"); background-repeat: no-repeat; animation: 2s infinite alternate h3animationbefore }
@keyframes h3AnimationBefore { 0% { width: 28px } 25% { width: 100% } 50% { width: 100% } 100% { width: 100% } }
.markdown-body h3:after { content: ""; display: block; width: 28px; height: 28px; position: absolute; border: 2px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); border-radius: 50%; right: -15px; top: 0; bottom: 0; margin: auto; background-size: 28px 28px; background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,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"); animation: 2s infinite alternate h3animationafter }
@keyframes h3AnimationAfter { 0% { } 10% { } 50% { transform: rotate(-1turn) } 100% { transform: rotate(-1turn) } }
.markdown-body h4 { font-size: 16px }
.markdown-body h5 { font-size: 15px }
.markdown-body h6 { margin-top: 5px }
.markdown-body p { line-height: inherit; margin: 22px 0; letter-spacing: 2px; font-size: 14px; word-spacing: 2px }
.markdown-body img { max-width: 80%; border-radius: 6px; display: block; margin: 20px auto !important; object-fit: contain; box-shadow: 0 0 16px rgba(110, 110, 110, 0.45) }
.markdown-body figcaption { display: block; font-size: 13px; color: rgba(43, 43, 43, 1) }
.markdown-body figcaption:before { content: ""; background-image: url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgBAMAAACBVGfHAAAAGFBMVEVHcExAuPtAuPpAuPtAuPpAuPtAvPxAuPokzOX5AAAAB3RSTlMAkDLqNegkoiUM7wAAAGBJREFUKM9jYBhcgMkBTUDVBE1BeDGqEtXychNUBeXlKEqACsrLQxB8lnCQQClCiWt5OYoSiAIkJVAF5eVBqAqAShTAAs7l5ShKWMwRAmAlSArASpAVgJUkCqIAscESHwCVVjMBK9JnbQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=="); display: inline-block; width: 18px; height: 18px; background-size: 18px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: -5px }
.markdown-body hr { border-top: 1px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); border-right: none; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; margin-top: 32px; margin-bottom: 32px }
.markdown-body del { color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1) }
.markdown-body code { border-radius: 2px; overflow-x: auto; background-color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.08); color: rgba(38, 198, 218, 1); padding: 0.195em 0.4em }
.markdown-body pre { font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, Courier New, monospace; overflow: auto; position: relative; line-height: 1.75; box-shadow: 0 0 8px rgba(110, 110, 110, 0.45); border-radius: 4px; margin: 16px }
.markdown-body pre:before { content: ""; display: block; height: 30px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: -7px; background: url("data:image/png;base64,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") 10px 10px / 40px no-repeat }
.markdown-body pre>code { font-size: 12px; padding: 15px 12px; margin: 0; word-break: normal; display: block; overflow-x: auto; color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 1); background: rgba(248, 248, 248, 1) }
.markdown-body a { color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; margin: 0 4px }
.markdown-body a:active, .markdown-body a:hover { background-color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.1) }
.markdown-body strong { color: rgba(38, 198, 218, 1) }
.markdown-body strong:before { content: "「" }
.markdown-body strong:after { content: "」" }
.markdown-body em { font-style: normal; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); font-weight: 700 }
.markdown-body table { display: inline-block !important; font-size: 12px; width: auto; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; border: 1px solid rgba(246, 246, 246, 1) }
.markdown-body thead { background: rgba(246, 246, 246, 1); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1); text-align: left }
.markdown-body tr:nth-child(2n) { background-color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.05) }
.markdown-body td, .markdown-body th { padding: 12px 7px; line-height: 24px }
.markdown-body td { min-width: 120px }
.markdown-body blockquote { margin: 2em 0; padding: 24px 32px; border-left: 4px solid rgba(38, 198, 218, 1); background: rgba(77, 208, 225, 0.15); position: relative }
.markdown-body blockquote:before { content: "❝"; top: 8px; left: 8px; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); font-size: 30px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 700; position: absolute; opacity: 0.7 }
.markdown-body blockquote:after { content: "❞"; font-size: 30px; position: absolute; right: 8px; bottom: 0; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); opacity: 0.7 }
.markdown-body blockquote p { color: rgba(89, 89, 89, 1); line-height: 2 }
.markdown-body ol, .markdown-body ul { color: rgba(89, 89, 89, 1); padding-left: 28px }
.markdown-body ol li, .markdown-body ul li { margin-bottom: 0; list-style: inherit }
.markdown-body ol li .task-list-item, .markdown-body ul li .task-list-item { list-style: none }
.markdown-body ol li .task-list-item ol, .markdown-body ol li .task-list-item ul, .markdown-body ul li .task-list-item ol, .markdown-body ul li .task-list-item ul { margin-top: 0 }
.markdown-body ol ol, .markdown-body ol ul, .markdown-body ul ol, .markdown-body ul ul { margin-top: 3px }
.markdown-body ol li { padding-left: 6px }
@media (max-width: 720px) { .markdown-body h1 { font-size: 24px } .markdown-body h2 { font-size: 20px } .markdown-body h3 { font-size: 18px } }.markdown-body pre, .markdown-body pre>code.hljs { background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1); color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1) }
.hljs-comment, .hljs-quote, .hljs-variable { color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1) }
.hljs-built_in, .hljs-keyword, .hljs-name, .hljs-selector-tag, .hljs-tag { color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1) }
.hljs-addition, .hljs-attribute, .hljs-literal, .hljs-section, .hljs-string, .hljs-template-tag, .hljs-template-variable, .hljs-title, .hljs-type { color: rgba(163, 21, 21, 1) }
.hljs-deletion, .hljs-meta, .hljs-selector-attr, .hljs-selector-pseudo { color: rgba(43, 145, 175, 1) }
.hljs-doctag { color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 1) }
.hljs-attr { color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1) }
.hljs-bullet, .hljs-link, .hljs-symbol { color: rgba(0, 176, 232, 1) }
.hljs-emphasis { font-style: italic }
.hljs-strong { font-weight: 700 }
.markdown-body { line-height: 1.75; font-weight: 400; font-size: 15px; overflow-x: hidden; color: rgba(43, 43, 43, 1); font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(159, 219, 252, 0.15) 3%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0), linear-gradient(1turn, rgba(159, 219, 252, 0.15) 3%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0); background-size: 20px 20px; background-position: center }
.markdown-body h1, .markdown-body h2, .markdown-body h3, .markdown-body h4, .markdown-body h5, .markdown-body h6 { padding: 30px 0; margin-top: 35px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgba(77, 208, 225, 1) }
.markdown-body h1 { font-size: 30px; text-align: center; position: relative; width: max-content; margin: 0 auto }
.markdown-body h1:before { position: absolute; content: ""; z-index: -1; top: -20px; height: 100%; width: 100px; left: 0; right: 0; margin: 0 auto; background: 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@keyframes h1Animate { 0% { background-position: right bottom } 50% { background-position: right } 100% { background-position: right bottom } }
.markdown-body h2 { display: block; border-bottom: 4px solid rgba(77, 208, 225, 1); position: relative; font-size: 24px; padding: 12px 32px; margin: 30px 0 }
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.markdown-body h2:after, .markdown-body h2:before { content: ""; display: block; position: absolute; bottom: 0 }
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Rust 是一门以安全性为核心的现代编程语言，而所有权和借用则是 Rust 强大的独特特性之一。掌握所有权和借用的概念和机制，将使我们能够编写更安全、高效的代码。本教程将深入探讨 Rust 中的所有权和借用，以及它们应该如何应用。
所有权的概念和机制
在 Rust 中，所有权是 Rust 独有的一种内存管理方式。这种方式通过明确的所有权规则，在编译时动态检查内存的生命周期，避免了一些常见的低级错误，如数据竞争和悬垂引用。以下是一个示例代码，用于演示所有权的概念：
fn main() {
let s = String::from("Hello"); // 创建一个 String
let t = s; // 所有权从 s 移动到 t
println!("t: {}", t);
// println!("s: {}", s); // 这行代码会报错，s 的所有权已被移动到 t
}
在上面的示例中，
String类型是具有堆分配内存的动态可变字符串。当我们将s赋值给t时，实际上是将所有权从s移动到t，这意味着t成为新的所有者，而s将不再有效。
引用和借用
为了使用其它变量的值而不获取所有权，Rust 引入了引用和借用的概念。引用是一种允许我们访问值而不获取所有权的方式。下面是一个示例：
fn main() {
let s = String::from("Hello");
let len = calculate_length(&s); // 通过引用传递 s
println!("字符串长度: {}", len);
}
fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize { // 接收一个 String 的引用
s.len() // 可以访问 s 的值，但不能修改它
}
在上面的示例中，通过
&符号创建了一个引用&s，将s的所有权借给了函数calculate_length。在函数体内部，可以使用s的值，但不能修改它。
生命周期和悬垂引用
Rust 使用生命周期系统来确保引用的有效性，避免悬垂引用的出现。生命周期注解是一种在函数签名中指定引用有效范围的语法。下面是一个简单的用于演示生命周期的概念的代码示例：
fn main() {
let result;
{
let s = String::from("Hello");
result = calculate_length(&s); // 借用 s 的引用
} // s 的作用域结束，但由于生命周期注解，引用仍然有效
println!("字符串长度: {}", result);
}
fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize { // 使用生命周期注解
s.len()
}
在上面的示例中，我们使用生命周期注解
'a来保证calculate_length函数返回的引用在result打印时仍然有效。
结论
掌握 Rust 的所有权和借用机制，将使我们能够编写更安全、高效的代码。通过合理运用所有权和借用，我们可以避免悬垂引用、数据竞争和内存错误。掌门人希望这篇教程对诸位理解 Rust 中的所有权和借用有所帮助，在使用 Rust 时能够更加得心应手。
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