3.8. Control FlowJava, like any programming language, supports both conditional statements and loops to determine control flow. We will start with the conditional statements, then move on to loops, to end with the somewhat cumbersome switch statement…

1.2. The Java "White Paper" BuzzwordsThe authors of Java have written an influential White Paper that explains their design goals and accomplishments. They also published a shorter summary that is organized along the following 11 buzzwords:1. Si…

4.7. PackagesJava allows you to group classes in a collection called a package. Packages are convenient for organizing your work and for separating your work from code libraries provided by others.The standard Java library is distributed over a numbe…

5.1. Classes, Superclasses, and SubclassesLet's return to the Employee class that we discussed in the previous chapter. Suppose (alas) you work for a company at which managers are treated differently from other employees. Managers are, of course, jus…

4.4. Static Fields and MethodsIn all sample programs that you have seen, the main method is tagged with the static modifier. We are now ready to discuss the meaning of this modifier.4.4.1. Static Fields(静态域)If you define a field as static, then there…

3.10. ArraysAn array is a data structure that stores a collection of values of the same type. You access each individual value through an integer index. For example, if a is an array of integers, then a[i] is the ith integer in the array.Declare an a…

Let’s look more closely at one of the simplest Java programs you can have—one that simply prints a message to console: public class FirstSample { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("We will not use 'Hello, World!'"); } }…

4.10. Class Design HintsWithout trying to be comprehensive or tedious, we want to end this chapter with some hints that will make your classes more acceptable in well-mannered OOP circles. 1. Always keep data private. This is first and foremost; doin…

4.6. Object ConstructionYou have seen how to write simple constructors that define the initial state of your objects. However, since object construction is so important, Java offers quite a variety of mechanisms for writing constructors. We go over t…

4.5. Method ParametersLet us review the computer science terms that describe how parameters can be passed to a method (or a function) in a programming language. The term call by value(值调用) means that the method gets just the value that the caller pro…