1. Different Kinds  of Type Members        A type can define zero or more of the following kinds of members:        Constants           A constant is a symbol that identifies a never-changing data value        Fields           A field represents a re…

1. System.Object        The runtime requires every type to ultimately be derived from the System.Object type.        Because all types are ultimately derived from System.Object, you are guaranteed that every object of every type has a minimum set of…

1.The Different Kinds of Type Members 1.Constants:a symbol that identifies a never-changing data value.Constants are always associated with a type, not an instance of a type. Logically, constants are always static members 2.Fields:represents a read-o…

1. Primitive Types        Any data types the compiler directly supports are called primitive types.        Primitive types map directly to types existing in the Framework Class Library (FCL).        For the types that are compliant with the Common La…

#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)宏的运行机理:1. ( (TYPE *)0 ) 将零转型为TYPE类型指针; 2. ((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER 访问结构中的数据成员; 3. &( ( (TYPE *)0 )->MEMBER )取出数据成员的地址; 4.(size_t)(&(((TYPE*)0)->MEMBER))结果转换类型.巧妙之处在于将0转 换成(TY…

前言 本文讲解typeof( ((type *)0)->member )的含义,并在此基础上学习offset_of()的用法.typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) ANSI C标准允许值为0的常量被强制转换成任何一种类型的指针,并且转换的结果是个NULL,因此((type *)0)的结果就是一个类型为type *的NULL指针. 如果利用这个NULL指针来访问type的成员当然是非法的,但typeof( ((type *)0)->member )是想取该成员的类型(…

#include <iostream> #define IOFFSETOF(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) using namespace std; int main(){ struct Demo{ char sex; int id; }; cout << "IOFFSETOF(Demo, sex): " << IOFFSETOF(Demo, sex) << end…

#include <iostream> #include <cmath> #include <sstream> using namespace std; class aa; class bb; class root { public: virtual ~root() {} virtual root add(const aa& a) const=0; virtual root add(const bb& a) const=0; }; class aa: p…

   Kinds of methods        Constructors      Type constructors      Overload operators      Type conversions (for implicit and explicit casting)      Extension methods      Partial methods.              1. Instance Constructors and Classes (Reference…

1. Constants        A constant is a symbol that has a never-changing value. When defining a constant symbol, its value must be determinable at compile time. The compiler then saves the constant’s value in the assembly’s metadata. This means that you…