There is a ball in a maze with empty spaces and walls. The ball can go through empty spaces by rolling up, down, left or right, but it won't stop rolling until hitting a wall. When the ball stops, it could choose the next direction.

Given the ball's start position, the destination and the maze, find the shortest distance for the ball to stop at the destination. The distance is defined by the number of empty spaces traveled by the ball from the start position (excluded) to the destination (included). If the ball cannot stop at the destination, return -1.

The maze is represented by a binary 2D array. 1 means the wall and 0 means the empty space. You may assume that the borders of the maze are all walls. The start and destination coordinates are represented by row and column indexes.

Example 1

Input 1: a maze represented by a 2D array

0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 Input 2: start coordinate (rowStart, colStart) = (0, 4)
Input 3: destination coordinate (rowDest, colDest) = (4, 4) Output: 12
Explanation: One shortest way is : left -> down -> left -> down -> right -> down -> right.
The total distance is 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 12.

Example 2

Input 1: a maze represented by a 2D array

0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 Input 2: start coordinate (rowStart, colStart) = (0, 4)
Input 3: destination coordinate (rowDest, colDest) = (3, 2) Output: -1
Explanation: There is no way for the ball to stop at the destination.

Note:

  1. There is only one ball and one destination in the maze.
  2. Both the ball and the destination exist on an empty space, and they will not be at the same position initially.
  3. The given maze does not contain border (like the red rectangle in the example pictures), but you could assume the border of the maze are all walls.
  4. The maze contains at least 2 empty spaces, and both the width and height of the maze won't exceed 100.

这道题是之前那道 The Maze 的拓展,那道题只让我们判断能不能在终点位置停下,而这道题让求出到达终点的最少步数。其实本质都是一样的,难点还是在于对于一滚到底的实现方法,唯一不同的是,这里用一个二位数组 dists,其中 dists[i][j] 表示到达 (i,j) 这个位置时需要的最小步数,都初始化为整型最大值,在后在遍历的过程中不断用较小值来更新每个位置的步数值,最后来看终点位置的步数值,如果还是整型最大值的话,说明没法在终点处停下来,返回 -1,否则就返回步数值。注意在压入栈的时候,对x和y进行了判断,只有当其不是终点的时候才压入栈,这样是做了优化,因为如果小球已经滚到终点了,就不要让它再滚了,就不把终点位置压入栈,免得它还滚,参见代码如下:

解法一:

class Solution {
public:
int shortestDistance(vector<vector<int>>& maze, vector<int>& start, vector<int>& destination) {
int m = maze.size(), n = maze[].size();
vector<vector<int>> dists(m, vector<int>(n, INT_MAX));
vector<vector<int>> dirs{{,-},{-,},{,},{,}};
queue<pair<int, int>> q;
q.push({start[], start[]});
dists[start[]][start[]] = ;
while (!q.empty()) {
auto t = q.front(); q.pop();
for (auto d : dirs) {
int x = t.first, y = t.second, dist = dists[t.first][t.second];
while (x >= && x < m && y >= && y < n && maze[x][y] == ) {
x += d[];
y += d[];
++dist;
}
x -= d[];
y -= d[];
--dist;
if (dists[x][y] > dist) {
dists[x][y] = dist;
if (x != destination[] || y != destination[]) q.push({x, y});
}
}
}
int res = dists[destination[]][destination[]];
return (res == INT_MAX) ? - : res;
}
};

上面这种解法的 DFS 形式之前是可以通过 OJ 的,但是现在被卡时间过不了了,代码可以参见评论区第二十三楼。我们还可以使用迪杰斯特拉算法 Dijkstra Algorithm 来做,LeetCode 中能使用到此类高级算法的时候并不多,Network Delay Time 就是一次。该算法是主要是在有向权重图中计算单源最短路径,即单个点到任意点到最短路径。因为这里起点只有一个,所以适用,然后迷宫中的每个格子都可以看作是图中的一个结点,权重可以都看成是1,那么就可以当作是有向权重图来处理。Dijkstra 算法的核心是松弛操作 Relaxtion,当有对边 (u, v) 是结点u到结点v,如果 dist(v) > dist(u) + w(u, v),那么 dist(v) 就可以被更新,这是所有这些的算法的核心操作。Dijkstra 算法是以起点为中心,向外层层扩展,直到扩展到终点为止。那么看到这里,你可能会有个疑问,到底 Dijkstra 算法和 BFS 算法究竟有啥区别。这是个好问题,二者在求最短路径的时候很相似,但却还是有些区别的。首先 Dijkstra 算法是求单源点的最短路径,图需要有权重,而且权重值不能为负,这道题中两点之间的距离可以看作权重,而且不会为负,满足要求。而 BFS 算法是从某点出发按广度优先原则依次访问连通的结点,图可以无权重。另外一点区别就是,BFS 算法是将未访问的邻居压入队列,然后再将未访问邻居的未访问过的邻居入队列再依次访问,而 Dijkstra 算法是在剩余的为访问过的结点中找出权重最小的并访问,这就是为什么要用一个优先队列(最小堆)来代替普通的 queue,这样就能尽量先更新离起点近的位置的 dp 值,优先队列里同时也存了该点到起点的距离,这个距离不一定是最短距离,可能还能松弛。但是如果其 dp 值已经小于优先队列中保存的距离,那么就不必更新其周围位置的距离了,因为优先队列中保存的这个距离值不是最短的,使用它来更新周围的 dp 值没有意义。这相当于利用了松弛操作来进行剪枝,大大提高了运算效率,之后就是类似于之前的 BFS 的操作了,遍历其周围的四个位置,尝试去更新其 dp 值。最后还是跟之前一样,如果遍历到了终点,就不要再排入队列了,因为已经得到需要的结果了,参见代码如下:

解法二:

class Solution {
public:
int shortestDistance(vector<vector<int>>& maze, vector<int>& start, vector<int>& destination) {
int m = maze.size(), n = maze[].size();
vector<vector<int>> dists(m, vector<int>(n, INT_MAX));
vector<vector<int>> dirs{{,-},{-,},{,},{,}};
auto cmp = [](vector<int>& a, vector<int>& b) {
return a[] > b[];
};
priority_queue<vector<int>, vector<vector<int>>, decltype(cmp) > pq(cmp);
pq.push({start[], start[], });
dists[start[]][start[]] = ;
while (!pq.empty()) {
auto t = pq.top(); pq.pop();for (auto dir : dirs) {
int x = t[], y = t[], dist = dists[t[]][t[]];
while (x >= && x < m && y >= && y < n && maze[x][y] == ) {
x += dir[];
y += dir[];
++dist;
}
x -= dir[];
y -= dir[];
--dist;
if (dists[x][y] > dist) {
dists[x][y] = dist;
if (x != destination[] || y != destination[]) pq.push({x, y, dist});
}
}
}
int res = dists[destination[]][destination[]];
return (res == INT_MAX) ? - : res;
}
};

Github 同步地址:

https://github.com/grandyang/leetcode/issues/505

类似题目:

The Maze

The Maze III

参考资料:

https://leetcode.com/problems/the-maze-ii/

https://leetcode.com/problems/the-maze-ii/discuss/98401/java-accepted-dfs

https://leetcode.com/problems/the-maze-ii/discuss/98456/simple-c-bfs-solution

https://leetcode.com/problems/the-maze-ii/discuss/98427/2-Solutions:-BFS-and-Dijkstra's.-Detailed-explanation..-But-why-is-BFS-faster

LeetCode All in One 题目讲解汇总(持续更新中...)

[LeetCode] 505. The Maze II 迷宫之二的更多相关文章

  1. [LeetCode] 505. The Maze II 迷宫 II

    There is a ball in a maze with empty spaces and walls. The ball can go through empty spaces by rolli ...

  2. [LeetCode] The Maze II 迷宫之二

    There is a ball in a maze with empty spaces and walls. The ball can go through empty spaces by rolli ...

  3. LeetCode 505. The Maze II

    原题链接在这里:https://leetcode.com/problems/the-maze-ii/ 题目: There is a ball in a maze with empty spaces a ...

  4. [LeetCode] 499. The Maze III 迷宫 III

    There is a ball in a maze with empty spaces and walls. The ball can go through empty spaces by rolli ...

  5. 【LeetCode】505. The Maze II 解题报告(C++)

    作者: 负雪明烛 id: fuxuemingzhu 个人博客:http://fuxuemingzhu.cn/ 目录 题目描述 题目大意 解题方法 BFS 日期 题目地址:https://leetcod ...

  6. 505. The Maze II

    原题链接:https://leetcode.com/articles/the-maze-ii/ 我的思路 在做完了第一道迷宫问题 http://www.cnblogs.com/optor/p/8533 ...

  7. [LeetCode] 253. Meeting Rooms II 会议室之二

    Given an array of meeting time intervals consisting of start and end times [[s1,e1],[s2,e2],...] (si ...

  8. [LeetCode] 213. House Robber II 打家劫舍之二

    You are a professional robber planning to rob houses along a street. Each house has a certain amount ...

  9. [LC] 505. The Maze II

    There is a ball in a maze with empty spaces and walls. The ball can go through empty spaces by rolli ...

随机推荐

  1. windows10 启动安卓模拟器会蓝屏的解决方案

    最近突然想用win10装个安卓模拟器玩游戏,然后提示vt被占用. 查了一下,了解到在windows 10 系统上,我们会用vmware,virtual box ,hyper-v,安卓模拟器,360安全 ...

  2. SSM手动实现分页逻辑---非PageHelper方式

    第一种方法:查询出所有数据再分页 分析: 分页时,需要获得前台传来的两个参数,分别为pageNo(第几页数据),pageSize(每页的条数); 根据这两个参数来计算出前端需要的数据是查出数据list ...

  3. 搜索旋转排序数组II

    题目 假设按照升序排序的数组在预先未知的某个点上进行了旋转. ( 例如,数组 [,,,,,,] 可能变为 [,,,,,,] ). 编写一个函数来判断给定的目标值是否存在于数组中.若存在返回 true, ...

  4. 2019-11-25-win10-uwp-发布旁加载自动更新

    原文:2019-11-25-win10-uwp-发布旁加载自动更新 title author date CreateTime categories win10 uwp 发布旁加载自动更新 lindex ...

  5. Ubuntu Err:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease Could not resolve 'us.archive.ubuntu.com' 错误

    Ubuntu 更新 apt-get update 的时候 出现 Err: http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease Could not ...

  6. Hashtable 负载因子Load Factor

    负载因子(load factor),它用来衡量哈希表的 空/满 程度,一定程度上也可以体现查询的效率,计算公式为: The ratio of the number of elements in the ...

  7. linq,创建数据库,插入数据,newDB.CreateDatabase();newDB.tb2.InsertOnSubmit(stu); newDB.SubmitChanges();

    using System.Data.Linq;using System.Data.Linq.Mapping; namespace ConsoleApplication1388{ class Progr ...

  8. 嵌入式Linux+NetCore 笔记一

    记录嵌入式Linux+NetCore培训中遇到的一些问题以及解决方法 十一放假期间发现园里大神大石头(NewLife团队)开了一个嵌入式Linux+NetCore培训,就报名参加了.更幸运的是,我刚好 ...

  9. easyui高级控件

    开发模式 1. 美工(ui工程师:出一个项目模型) java工程师:将原有的html转成jsp,动态展示数据 缺点: 客户需要调节前端的展示效果 解决:由美工去重新排版,重新选色.2.前后端分离 美工 ...

  10. MAC bash和zsh切换

    bash和zsh切换 切换到bash chsh -s /bin/bash 切换到zsh chsh -s /bin/zsh 记得输入切换命令后,要重新打开终端terminal才生效哦!大功告成!