转 Python爬虫入门三之Urllib库的基本使用

1.分分钟扒一个网页下来

怎样扒网页呢？其实就是根据URL来获取它的网页信息，虽然我们在浏览器中看到的是一幅幅优美的画面，但是其实是由浏览器解释才呈现出来的，实质它是一段HTML代码，加 JS、CSS，如果把网页比作一个人，那么HTML便是他的骨架，JS便是他的肌肉，CSS便是它的衣服。所以最重要的部分是存在于HTML中的，下面我们就写个例子来扒一个网页下来。

 import urllib2

 response = urllib2.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")

 print response.read()

<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta content="always" name="referrer"><meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="百度搜索" /><link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu.svg"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s1.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t1.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t2.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t3.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t10.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t11.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t12.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b1.bdstatic.com"/><title>百度一下，你就知道</title>

<style index="index"  id="css_index">html,body{height:100%}html{overflow-y:auto}body{font:12px arial;text-align:;background:#fff}body,p,form,ul,li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}body,form,#fm{position:relative}td{text-align:left}img{border:0}a{color:#00c}a:active{color:#f60}input{border:0;padding:0}#wrapper{position:relative;_position:;min-height:100%}#head{padding-bottom:100px;text-align:center;*z-index:1}#ftCon{height:100px;position:absolute;bottom:23px;text-align:left;width:100%;margin:0 auto;z-index:0;overflow:hidden}.ftCon-Wrapper{overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;*width:640px}#qrcode{display:inline-block;*float:left;*margin-top:4px}#qrcode .qrcode-item{float:left}#qrcode .qrcode-item-2{margin-left:33px}#qrcode .qrcode-img{float:left;width:60px;height:60px}#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_62c636fe.png) 0 0 no-repeat}#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_510f7472.png) 0 0 no-repeat}

@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2){#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_x2_298f96c5.png);background-size:60px 60px}#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_x2_de75d5db.png);background-size:60px 60px}}#qrcode .qrcode-text{float:left;color:#999;line-height:23px;margin:8px 0 0 10px}#qrcode .qrcode-text a{color:#999;text-decoration:none}#qrcode .qrcode-text p{text-align:left}#qrcode .qrcode-text b{color:#666;font-weight:bold}#qrcode .qrcode-text span{letter-spacing:1px}#ftConw{display:inline-block;text-align:left;margin-left:33px;line-height:22px;position:relative;top:-2px;*float:right;*margin-left:0;*position:static}#ftConw,#ftConw a{color:#999}.bg{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_0e814c16.png);background-repeat:no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5c448026.gif)}

.c-icon{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;vertical-align:text-bottom;font-style normal;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_0e814c16.png) no-repeat 0 0;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5c448026.gif)}.c-icon-triangle-down-blue{background-position:-480px -168px}.c-icon-chevron-unfold2{background-position:-504px -168px}#m{width:720px;margin:0 auto}#nv a,#nv b,.btn,#lk{font-size:14px}#nv{height:19px;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 4px;text-align:left;text-indent:137px}.s_btn{width:95px;height:32px;padding-top:2px\9;font-size:14px;background-color:#ddd;background-position:0 -48px;cursor:pointer}.s_btn_h{background-position:-240px -48px}.s_btn_wr{width:97px;height:34px;display:inline-block;background-position:-120px -48px;*position:relative;z-index:0;vertical-align:top}#cp .c-icon-icrlogo,#jgwab .c-icon-jgwablogo{width:14px;height:17px;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_0e814c16.png) no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5c448026.gif)}

#cp .c-icon-icrlogo{background-position:-600px -96px;position:relative;top:3px}#jgwab .c-icon-jgwablogo{background-position:-623px -96px;position:relative;top:3px;margin-right:6px}#shouji{margin-right:14px}#u{display:none}#c-tips-container{display:none}#wrapper{min-width:810px;height:100%;min-height:600px}#head{position:relative;padding-bottom:0;height:100%;min-height:600px}#head .head_wrapper{height:100%}#m{position:relative}#fm{padding-left:40px;top:-37px}#lh a{margin-left:62px}#lh #seth,#lh #setf{margin-left:0}#lk{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0;margin:33px 0}#lk span{font:14px "宋体"}#nv{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0}#lm{color:#666;width:100%;height:60px;margin-top:60px;line-height:15px;font-size:13px;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}#lm a{color:#666}#pad-version{line-height:40px}.s_ipt_wr.bg,.s_btn_wr.bg,#su.bg{background-image:none}.s_btn_wr{width:auto;height:auto;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;*border-bottom:0}.s_btn{width:100px;height:36px;color:white;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:1px;background:#3385ff;border-bottom:1px solid #2d78f4;outline:medium;*border-bottom:0;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-border-radius:0}

.s_btn.btnhover{background:#317ef3;border-bottom:1px solid #2868c8;*border-bottom:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #ccc}.s_btn_h{background:#3075dc;box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-o-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb}#result_logo{display:none}#index_logo img{display:inline-block;width:270px;height:129px}#s_tab{display:none}.s_form{position:relative;top:38.2%}.s_form_wrapper{position:relative;top:-191px}.s_ipt_wr{height:34px}#head .c-icon-bear-round{display:none}#form{margin:22px auto 0;width:641px;text-align:left;z-index:100}#form .bdsug,#fm .bdsug{top:35px}.bdsug{display:none;position:absolute;width:538px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;_overflow:hidden;box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed}.bdsug.bdsugbg ul{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_6a9201c2.png) 100% 100% no-repeat;background-size:100px 110px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_d24a0811.gif)\9}

.bdsug li{width:522px;color:#000;font:14px arial;line-height:25px;padding:0 8px;position:relative;cursor:default}.bdsug li.bdsug-s{background:#f0f0f0}.bdsug-store span,.bdsug-store b{color:#7a77c8}.bdsug-store-del{font-size:12px;color:#666;text-decoration:underline;position:absolute;right:8px;top:0;cursor:pointer;display:none}.bdsug-s .bdsug-store-del{display:inline-block}.bdsug-ala{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}.bdsug-ala h3{line-height:14px;background:url(//www.baidu.com/img/sug_bd.png) no-repeat left center;margin:8px 0 5px 0;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;color:#7b7b7b;padding-left:20px}.bdsug-ala p{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding-left:20px}.bdsug .bdsug-direct{width:auto;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f1}.bdsug .bdsug-direct p{color:#00c;font-weight:bold;line-height:34px;padding:0 8px;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.bdsug .bdsug-direct p img{width:16px;height:16px;margin:7px 6px 9px 0;vertical-align:middle}.bdsug .bdsug-direct p span{margin-left:8px}

.bdsug .bdsug-direct p i{font-size:12px;line-height:100%;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;color:#fff;background-color:#2b99ff;display:inline;text-align:center;padding:1px 5px;*padding:2px 5px 0 5px;margin-left:8px;overflow:hidden}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:30px;height:30px;background-color:#f8f8f8}.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip{position:absolute;right:15px;top:8px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_ffda303e.png) no-repeat 0 0}.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;background-color:#f8f8f8}.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{position:absolute;right:15px;top:3px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_ffda303e.png) no-repeat 0 0}.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-is-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip,.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{background-position:0 -15px}

.bdsug .bdsug-newicon{color:#929292;opacity:.7;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:2px}.bdsug .bdsug-s .bdsug-newicon{opacity:1}.bdsug .bdsug-newicon i{letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}.toggle-underline{text-decoration:none}.toggle-underline:hover{text-decoration:underline}.tools{position:absolute;right:-75px}#mHolder{width:62px;position:relative;z-index:296;display:none}#mCon{height:18px;line-height:18px;position:absolute;cursor:pointer}#mCon span{color:#00c;display:block;width:24px}#mCon .hw{text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block}#mCon .pinyin{display:inline-block}#mCon .c-icon-chevron-unfold2{margin-left:5px}#mMenu a{width:100%;height:100%;display:block;line-height:22px;text-indent:6px;text-decoration:none;filter:none\9}#mMenu,#user ul{box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(Strength=2,Direction=135,Color="#cccccc")\9}

#mMenu{width:56px;border:1px solid #9b9b9b;list-style:none;position:absolute;right:27px;top:28px;display:none;background:#fff}#mMenu a:hover{background:#ebebeb}#mMenu .ln{height:1px;background:#ebebeb;overflow:hidden;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;margin-top:-1px}#u1 a:link,#u1 a:visited{color:#666;text-decoration:none}#u1 a:hover,#u1 a:active{text-decoration:underline}#u1 a:active{color:#00c}#u1{z-index:2;color:white;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:19px 0 5px 0;padding:0 96px 0 0}#u1 .reg{display:none}#u1 a.pf,#u1 a.pf:visited{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;margin-left:20px;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:underline}#u1 a.lb,#u1 a.lb:visited,#u1 a.username{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;font-size:13px;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;text-decoration:underline}#u1 a.bri,#u1 a.bri:visited{display:inline-block;position:absolute;right:10px;width:60px;height:23px;float:left;color:white;background:#38f;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:1px solid #38f;margin-left:19px;margin-right:2px}

#u1 a.bri.brihover{display:none;text-decoration:none;color:#333;background:0;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;margin-left:19px}#u1 #lm a{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}#u1 a.mnav,#u1 a.mnav:visited{float:left;color:#333;font-weight:bold;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;font-size:13px;text-decoration:underline}#u1 a.pf:hover,#u1 a.lb:hover,#u1 a.mnav:hover{color:#00c}.briiconsbg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_c3b33b92.png);background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0a1fc6ac.gif)\9}.bdpfmenu{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;right:160px;width:68px;top:36px;margin-top:-1px;_margin-top:-3px;z-index:2;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}.bdpfmenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}

#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:link,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:visited{background:white;color:#333}#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:hover,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:active{background:#38f;text-decoration:none;color:white}#wrapper .bdnuarrow{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px}#wrapper .bdnuarrow em,#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;border:5px solid transparent;border-style:dashed dashed solid dashed}#wrapper .bdnuarrow em{border-bottom-color:#d8d8d8;top:-1px}#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{border-bottom-color:#fff;top:0}.s-isindex-wrap #wrapper .bdnuarrow{height:13px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_c3b33b92.png) no-repeat -90px -1px}#wrapper .bdnuarrow.bdbriarrow{right:104px;display:none!important}#wrapper .bdbri{width:85px;min-height:100px;border-left:1px solid #e7e7e7;position:absolute;background-color:#f9f9f9;overflow:hidden;z-index:2;right:0;top:0}#prefpanel{background:#fafafa;display:none;opacity:0;position:fixed;_position:absolute;top:-359px;z-index:1000;width:100%;min-width:960px;border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}

#prefpanel form{_width:850px}#wrapper .bdbriimgtitle{color:#333;text-align:center;width:66px;height:43px;line-height:43px;padding-top:9px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;font-size:13px;cursor:default}#wrapper .briscrollwrapper{overflow:hidden}#wrapper .briscrollwrapperContainer{position:relative}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a{display:block;text-align:center;width:66px;height:76px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;color:#666;text-decoration:none;overflow:hidden}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:visited,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:visited{color:#666}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:hover,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:hover{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:active,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:active{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span{width:36px;height:36px;display:block;margin:10px auto 5px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/logos/bdbri_icons_2e35e84b.png) no-repeat;cursor:pointer}

#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrimore,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{clear:both;text-align:center}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{margin-top:15px;height:30px;width:85px;overflow:hidden}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_1{background-position:0 0}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_2{background-position:-36px 0}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_3{width:40px;background-position:-72px 0}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_4{background-position:-112px 0}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_5{background-position:-148px 0}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_6{background-position:-184px 0}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_7{background-position:-220px 0}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:link,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:visited{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:hover{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:active{color:#00c}

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首先我们调用的是urllib库里面的urlopen方法，传入一个URL，这个网址是百度首页，协议是HTTP协议，当然你也可以把HTTP换做FTP,FILE,HTTPS 等等，只是代表了一种访问控制协议，urlopen一般接受三个参数，它的参数如下：

urlopen(url, data, timeout)

第一个参数url即为URL，第二个参数data是访问URL时要传送的数据，第三个timeout是设置超时时间。

第二三个参数是可以不传送的，data默认为空None，timeout默认为 socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT

第一个参数URL是必须要传送的，在这个例子里面我们传送了百度的URL，执行urlopen方法之后，返回一个response对象，返回信息便保存在这里面。

response对象有一个read方法，可以返回获取到的网页内容。

如果不加read直接打印会是什么？答案如下：

<addinfourl at 35934616 whose fp = <socket._fileobject object at 0x022416B0>>

直接打印出了该对象的描述，所以记得一定要加read方法，否则它不出来内容可就不怪我咯！

3.构造Requset

其实上面的urlopen参数可以传入一个request请求,它其实就是一个Request类的实例，构造时需要传入Url,Data等等的内容。比如上面的两行代码，我们可以这么改写

 import urllib2

 request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com")

 response = urllib2.urlopen(request)

 print response.read()

运行结果是完全一样的，只不过中间多了一个request对象，推荐大家这么写，因为在构建请求时还需要加入好多内容，通过构建一个request，服务器响应请求得到应答，这样显得逻辑上清晰明确。

4.POST和GET数据传送

上面的程序演示了最基本的网页抓取，不过，现在大多数网站都是动态网页，需要你动态地传递参数给它，它做出对应的响应。所以，在访问时，我们需要传递数据给它。最常见的情况是什么？对了，就是登录注册的时候呀。

把数据用户名和密码传送到一个URL，然后你得到服务器处理之后的响应，这个该怎么办？下面让我来为小伙伴们揭晓吧！

数据传送分为POST和GET两种方式，两种方式有什么区别呢？

最重要的区别是GET方式是直接以链接形式访问，链接中包含了所有的参数，当然如果包含了密码的话是一种不安全的选择，不过你可以直观地看到自己提交了什么内容。POST则不会在网址上显示所有的参数，不过如果你想直接查看提交了什么就不太方便了，大家可以酌情选择。

POST方式：

上面我们说了data参数是干嘛的？对了，它就是用在这里的，我们传送的数据就是这个参数data，下面演示一下POST方式。

 import urllib

 import urllib2

 values = {"username":"1016903103@qq.com","password":"XXXX"}

 data = urllib.urlencode(values)

 url = "https://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn"

 request = urllib2.Request(url,data)

 response = urllib2.urlopen(request)

 print response.read()

我们引入了urllib库，现在我们模拟登陆CSDN，当然上述代码可能登陆不进去，因为还要做一些设置头部header的工作，或者还有一些参数没有设置全，还没有提及到在此就不写上去了，在此只是说明登录的原理。我们需要定义一个字典，名字为values，参数我设置了username和password，下面利用urllib的urlencode方法将字典编码，命名为data，构建request时传入两个参数，url和data，运行程序，即可实现登陆，返回的便是登陆后呈现的页面内容。当然你可以自己搭建一个服务器来测试一下。

注意上面字典的定义方式还有一种，下面的写法是等价的

 import urllib

 import urllib2

 values = {}

 values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com"

 values['password'] = "XXXX"

 data = urllib.urlencode(values)

 url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn"

 request = urllib2.Request(url,data)

 response = urllib2.urlopen(request)

 print response.read()

GET方式：

至于GET方式我们可以直接把参数写到网址上面，直接构建一个带参数的URL出来即可。

 import urllib

 import urllib2

 values={}

 values['username'] = "1016903103@qq.com"

 values['password']="XXXX"

 data = urllib.urlencode(values)

 url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login"

 geturl = url + "?"+data

 request = urllib2.Request(geturl)

 response = urllib2.urlopen(request)

 print response.read()

你可以print geturl，打印输出一下url，发现其实就是原来的url加？然后加编码后的参数

http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?username=1016903103%40qq.com&password=XXXX

和我们平常GET访问方式一模一样，这样就实现了数据的GET方式传送。

待补充