实验 3：Mininet 实验——测量路径的损耗率

实验目的

在实验 2 的基础上进一步熟悉 Mininet 自定义拓扑脚本，以及与损耗率相关的设

定；初步了解 Mininet 安装时自带的 POX 控制器脚本编写，测试路径损耗率。

实验任务

h0 向 h1 发送数据包，由于在 Mininet 脚本中设置了连接损耗率，在传输过程中

会丢失一些包，本次实验的目的是展示如何通过控制器计算路径损耗速率（h0-

s0-s1-h1）。这里假设控制器预先知道网络拓扑。控制器将向 s0 和 s1 发送

flow_stats_request，当控制器接收到来自 s0 的 response 时，将特定流的数据包

数保存在 input_pkts 中，当控制器接收到来自 s1 的 response 时，将接收到特定

流的数据包数保存在 output_pkts 中，差值就是丢失的数据包数量。

基于上述拓扑，编写 Mininet 脚本，设置特定的交换机间的路径损耗速率，然后

编写 POX 控制器脚本，实现对路径的损耗率的测量。

实验步骤

实验环境

安装了 Ubuntu 18.04.5 Desktop amd64 的虚拟机

实验过程

SDNLAB 实验参考资料：https://www.sdnlab.com/15100.html

新建并编辑 pox 脚本 flowstat.py：

代码如下：

#!/usr/bin/python
# Copyright 2012 William Yu
# wyu@ateneo.edu
#
# This file is part of POX.
#
# POX is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# POX is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with POX. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#

"""
This is a demonstration file created to show how to obtain flow
and port statistics from OpenFlow 1.0-enabled switches. The flow
statistics handler contains a summary of web-only traffic.
"""

# standard includes
from pox.core import core
from pox.lib.util import dpidToStr
import pox.openflow.libopenflow_01 as of
from pox.lib.addresses import IPAddr, EthAddr

# include as part of the betta branch
from pox.openflow.of_json import *
from pox.lib.recoco import Timer
import time

log = core.getLogger()

src_dpid = 0
dst_dpid = 0
input_pkts = 0
output_pkts = 0

def getTheTime():  #fuction to create a timestamp
  flock = time.localtime()
  then = "[%s-%s-%s" %(str(flock.tm_year),str(flock.tm_mon),str(flock.tm_mday))

  if int(flock.tm_hour)<10:
    hrs = "0%s" % (str(flock.tm_hour))
  else:
    hrs = str(flock.tm_hour)
  if int(flock.tm_min)<10:
    mins = "0%s" % (str(flock.tm_min))
  else:
    mins = str(flock.tm_min)
  if int(flock.tm_sec)<10:
    secs = "0%s" % (str(flock.tm_sec))
  else:
    secs = str(flock.tm_sec)
  then +="]%s.%s.%s" % (hrs,mins,secs)
  return then

# handler for timer function that sends the requests to all the
# switches connected to the controller.
def _timer_func ():
  for connection in core.openflow._connections.values():
    connection.send(of.ofp_stats_request(body=of.ofp_flow_stats_request()))
    connection.send(of.ofp_stats_request(body=of.ofp_port_stats_request()))
  log.debug("Sent %i flow/port stats request(s)", len(core.openflow._connections))

# handler to display flow statistics received in JSON format
# structure of event.stats is defined by ofp_flow_stats()
def _handle_flowstats_received (event):
   #stats = flow_stats_to_list(event.stats)
   #log.debug("FlowStatsReceived from %s: %s", dpidToStr(event.connection.dpid), stats)
   global src_dpid, dst_dpid, input_pkts, output_pkts
   #print "src_dpid=", dpidToStr(src_dpid), "dst_dpid=", dpidToStr(dst_dpid)
   for f in event.stats:
     if f.match.dl_type==0x0800 and f.match.nw_dst==IPAddr("192.168.123.2") and f.match.nw_tos==0x64 and event.connection.dpid==src_dpid:
       #print "input: ", f.byte_count, f.packet_count
       input_pkts = f.packet_count
     if f.match.dl_type==0x0800 and f.match.nw_dst==IPAddr("192.168.123.2") and f.match.nw_tos==0x64 and event.connection.dpid==dst_dpid:
       #print "output: ", f.byte_count, f.packet_count
       output_pkts = f.packet_count
       if input_pkts !=0:
         print getTheTime(), "Path Loss Rate =", (input_pkts-output_pkts)*1.0/input_pkts*100, "%"

# handler to display port statistics received in JSON format
def _handle_portstats_received (event):
   #print "\n<<<STATS-REPLY: Return PORT stats for Switch", event.connection.dpid,"at ",getTheTime()
   #for f in event.stats:
      #if int(f.port_no)<65534:
        #print "   PortNo:", f.port_no, " Fwd's Pkts:", f.tx_packets, " Fwd's Bytes:", f.tx_bytes, " Rc'd Pkts:", f.rx_packets, " Rc's Bytes:", f.rx_bytes
        #print "   PortNo:", f.port_no,  " TxDrop:", f.tx_dropped, " RxDrop:", f.rx_dropped, " TxErr:", f.tx_errors, " RxErr:", f.rx_errors, " CRC:", f.rx_crc_err, " Coll:", f.collisions
  stats = flow_stats_to_list(event.stats)
  log.debug("PortStatsReceived from %s: %s", dpidToStr(event.connection.dpid), stats)

def _handle_ConnectionUp (event):
  global src_dpid, dst_dpid
  print "ConnectionUp: ", dpidToStr(event.connection.dpid)
  for m in event.connection.features.ports:
    if m.name == "s0-eth0":
      src_dpid = event.connection.dpid
    elif m.name == "s1-eth0":
      dst_dpid = event.connection.dpid

  msg = of.ofp_flow_mod()
  msg.priority =1
  msg.idle_timeout = 0
  msg.match.in_port =1
  msg.actions.append(of.ofp_action_output(port = of.OFPP_ALL))
  event.connection.send(msg)

  msg = of.ofp_flow_mod()
  msg.priority =1
  msg.idle_timeout = 0
  msg.match.in_port =2
  msg.actions.append(of.ofp_action_output(port = of.OFPP_ALL))
  event.connection.send(msg)

  msg = of.ofp_flow_mod()
  msg.priority =10
  msg.idle_timeout = 0
  msg.hard_timeout = 0
  msg.match.dl_type = 0x0800
  msg.match.nw_tos = 0x64
  msg.match.in_port=1
  msg.match.nw_dst = "192.168.123.2"
  msg.actions.append(of.ofp_action_output(port = 2))
  event.connection.send(msg)

  msg = of.ofp_flow_mod()
  msg.priority =10
  msg.idle_timeout = 0
  msg.hard_timeout = 0
  msg.match.dl_type = 0x0800
  msg.match.nw_tos = 0x64
  msg.match.nw_dst = "192.168.123.1"
  msg.actions.append(of.ofp_action_output(port = 1))
  event.connection.send(msg)

# main functiont to launch the module
def launch ():
  # attach handsers to listners
  core.openflow.addListenerByName("FlowStatsReceived",
    _handle_flowstats_received)
  core.openflow.addListenerByName("PortStatsReceived",
    _handle_portstats_received)
  core.openflow.addListenerByName("ConnectionUp", _handle_ConnectionUp)

  # timer set to execute every five seconds
  Timer(1, _timer_func, recurring=True)

在 pox 安装目录下（Mininet 完整安装包含了 pox）执行以下命令运行 pox 脚本

$ ./pox.py flowstat

编辑 Mininet 脚本 mymininet3.py

参照拓扑图，新建并编辑 Mininet 脚本 mymininet3.py，控制器因为安装在本机，

所以需修改参考资料代码中的控制器地址为 127.0.0.1:6633。

switch.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl set-controller dp0 tcp:127.0.0.1:6633' )
switch1.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl set-controller dp1 tcp:127.0.0.1:6633' )

设置 s0 和 s1 之间链路的丢包率为 0

info( "*** Creating links\n" )
 linkopts0=dict(bw=100, delay='1ms', loss=0)
 linkopts1=dict(bw=100, delay='1ms', loss=0)
 link0=TCLink( h0, switch, **linkopts0)
 link1 = TCLink( switch, switch1, **linkopts1)
 link2 = TCLink( h1, switch1, **linkopts0)

代码为：

#!/usr/bin/python

from mininet.net import Mininet
from mininet.node import Node
from mininet.link import TCLink
from mininet.log import  setLogLevel, info
from threading import Timer
from mininet.util import quietRun
from time import sleep

def myNet(cname='controller', cargs='-v ptcp:'):
    "Create network from scratch using Open vSwitch."
    info( "*** Creating nodes\n" )
    controller = Node( 'c0', inNamespace=False )
    switch = Node( 's0', inNamespace=False )
    switch1 = Node( 's1', inNamespace=False )
    h0 = Node( 'h0' )
    h1 = Node( 'h1' )

    info( "*** Creating links\n" )
    linkopts0=dict(bw=100, delay='1ms', loss=0)
    linkopts1=dict(bw=100, delay='1ms', loss=0)
    link0=TCLink( h0, switch, **linkopts0)
    link1 = TCLink( switch, switch1, **linkopts1)
    link2 = TCLink( h1, switch1, **linkopts0)
    #print link0.intf1, link0.intf2
    link0.intf2.setMAC("0:0:0:0:0:1")
    link1.intf1.setMAC("0:0:0:0:0:2")
    link1.intf2.setMAC("0:1:0:0:0:1")
    link2.intf2.setMAC("0:1:0:0:0:2")

    info( "*** Configuring hosts\n" )
    h0.setIP( '192.168.123.1/24' )
    h1.setIP( '192.168.123.2/24' )

    info( "*** Starting network using Open vSwitch\n" )
    switch.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl del-br dp0' )
    switch.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl add-br dp0' )
    switch1.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl del-br dp1' )
    switch1.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl add-br dp1' )

    controller.cmd( cname + ' ' + cargs + '&' )
    for intf in switch.intfs.values():
        print intf
        print switch.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl add-port dp0 %s' % intf )
    for intf in switch1.intfs.values():
        print intf
        print switch1.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl add-port dp1 %s' % intf )

    # Note: controller and switch are in root namespace, and we
    # can connect via loopback interface
    switch.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl set-controller dp0 tcp:127.0.0.1:6633' )
    switch1.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl set-controller dp1 tcp:127.0.0.1:6633' )

    info( '*** Waiting for switch to connect to controller' )
    while 'is_connected' not in quietRun( 'ovs-vsctl show' ):
        sleep( 1 )
        info( '.' )
    info( '\n' )

    #info( "*** Running test\n" )
    h0.cmdPrint( 'ping -Q 0x64 -c 20 ' + h1.IP() )

    sleep( 1 )
    info( "*** Stopping network\n" )
    controller.cmd( 'kill %' + cname )
    switch.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl del-br dp0' )
    switch.deleteIntfs()
    switch1.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl del-br dp1' )
    switch1.deleteIntfs()
    info( '\n' )

if __name__ == '__main__':
    setLogLevel( 'info' )

再执行命令运行 Mininet 脚本 mymininet3.py

$ sudo python mymininet3.py



Ping 默认是每 1 秒钟测一次，ping 的结果会显示一个丢包率，这里的丢包率是根

据 ping 不通的次数占总次数的百分比计算得到的。上图中由于一共 ping 了 20

次，每次都能通，所以丢包率是 0。

观察 pox 侧的实时状态更新

平均丢包率为 0，结果符合 Mininet 脚本中设置的损耗率，也有可能出现负值，

可以认为没有丢包。



如果修改代码中 s0 和 s1 之间链路的丢包率为 10。

 info( "*** Creating links\n" )
 linkopts0=dict(bw=100, delay='1ms', loss=0)
 linkopts1=dict(bw=100, delay='1ms', loss=10)
 link0=TCLink( h0, switch, **linkopts0)
 link1 = TCLink( switch, switch1, **linkopts1)
 link2 = TCLink( h1, switch1, **linkopts0)

重新运行 Mininet 脚本 mymininet3.py，20 秒时间的 ping 过程中有 icmp_seq 为

2/4/14/16/19/20 共 6 次 ping 不通，所以丢包率计算为 30%。



POX 端重新测试，会发现出现丢包现象，但是实际测量出的丢包率会有浮动，链

路的性能总体受到了限制。

实验总结

• 通过这次实验，我学会了测量路径的损耗率，熟悉了Mininet 自定义拓扑脚本，以及与损耗率相关的设定；初步了解 Mininet 安装时自带的 POX 控制器脚本编写。