Java-JUC（十四）：SimpleDateFormat是线程不安全的

SimpleDateFormat是Java提供的一个格式化和解析日期的工具类，日常开发中应该经常会用到，但是由于它是线程不安全的，多线程公用一个SimpleDateFormat实例对日期进行解析、格式化都会导致程序出错，接下来就讨论下它为何是线程不安全的，以及如何避免。

问题复现

编写测试代码如下：

    private static SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] waitingFormatTimeItems = { "2019-08-06", "2019-08-07", "2019-08-08" };
        for (int i = 0; i < waitingFormatTimeItems.length; i++) {
            final int i2 = i;
            Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
                        String str = waitingFormatTimeItems[i2];
                        String str2 = null;
                        Date parserDate = null;
                        try {
                            parserDate = sdf.parse(str);
                        } catch (ParseException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                        str2 = sdf.format(parserDate);
                        System.out.println("i: " + i2 + "\tj: " + j + "\tThreadName: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + str + "\t" + str2);
                        if (!str.equals(str2)) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("date conversion failed after " + j + " iterations. Expected " + str + " but got " + str2);
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
            thread.start();
        }
    }

运行会抛出java.lang.RuntimeException，说明处理的结果时不正确的，从下边日志也看出来。

i: 2    j: 0    ThreadName: Thread-2    2019-08-08    2208-09-17
Exception in thread "Thread-2" Exception in thread "Thread-1" Exception in thread "Thread-0"
i: 1    j: 0    ThreadName: Thread-1    2019-08-07    2208-09-17
i: 0    j: 0    ThreadName: Thread-0    2019-08-06    2208-09-17
java.lang.RuntimeException: date conversion failed after 0 iterations. Expected 2019-08-08 but got 2208-09-17
    at dx.test.ThreadLocalTest$2.run(ThreadLocalTest.java:36)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
java.lang.RuntimeException: date conversion failed after 0 iterations. Expected 2019-08-07 but got 2208-09-17
    at dx.test.ThreadLocalTest$2.run(ThreadLocalTest.java:36)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
java.lang.RuntimeException: date conversion failed after 0 iterations. Expected 2019-08-06 but got 2208-09-17
    at dx.test.ThreadLocalTest$2.run(ThreadLocalTest.java:36)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

测试代码多运行几次，会发现抛出 java.lang.NumberFormatException 异常：

Exception in thread "Thread-1" Exception in thread "Thread-0" Exception in thread "Thread-2" java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points
    at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1890)
    at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.parseDouble(FloatingDecimal.java:110)
    at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:538)
    at java.text.DigitList.getDouble(DigitList.java:169)
    at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2056)
    at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869)
    at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514)
    at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364)
    at com.dx.test.ThreadLocalTest$2.run(ThreadLocalTest.java:29)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points
    at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1890)
    at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.parseDouble(FloatingDecimal.java:110)
    at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:538)
    at java.text.DigitList.getDouble(DigitList.java:169)
    at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2056)
    at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869)
    at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514)
    at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364)
    at com.dx.test.ThreadLocalTest$2.run(ThreadLocalTest.java:29)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
java.lang.NumberFormatException: multiple points
    at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.readJavaFormatString(FloatingDecimal.java:1890)
    at sun.misc.FloatingDecimal.parseDouble(FloatingDecimal.java:110)
    at java.lang.Double.parseDouble(Double.java:538)
    at java.text.DigitList.getDouble(DigitList.java:169)
    at java.text.DecimalFormat.parse(DecimalFormat.java:2056)
    at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.subParse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1869)
    at java.text.SimpleDateFormat.parse(SimpleDateFormat.java:1514)
    at java.text.DateFormat.parse(DateFormat.java:364)
    at com.dx.test.ThreadLocalTest$2.run(ThreadLocalTest.java:29)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

问题分析

首先看下SimpleDateFormat的类图结构：

从类图和源代码从都可以发现，SimpleDateFormat内部依赖于Calendar对象，通过下边代码分析会发现：实际上SimpleDateFormat的线程不安全就是因为Calendar是线程不安全的。

Calendar内部存储的日期数据的变量field，time等都是不安全的，更重要的Calendar内部函数操作对变量操作是不具有原子性的操作。

SimpleDateFormat#parse方法：

    @Override
    public Date parse(String text, ParsePosition pos)
    {
        checkNegativeNumberExpression();

        int start = pos.index;
        int oldStart = start;
        int textLength = text.length();

        boolean[] ambiguousYear = {false};

        //(1)解析日期字符串放入CalendarBuilder的实例calb中
        CalendarBuilder calb = new CalendarBuilder();

        for (int i = 0; i < compiledPattern.length; ) {
            int tag = compiledPattern[i] >>> 8;
            int count = compiledPattern[i++] & 0xff;
            if (count == 255) {
                count = compiledPattern[i++] << 16;
                count |= compiledPattern[i++];
            }

            switch (tag) {
            case TAG_QUOTE_ASCII_CHAR:
                if (start >= textLength || text.charAt(start) != (char)count) {
                    pos.index = oldStart;
                    pos.errorIndex = start;
                    return null;
                }
                start++;
                break;

            case TAG_QUOTE_CHARS:
                while (count-- > 0) {
                    if (start >= textLength || text.charAt(start) != compiledPattern[i++]) {
                        pos.index = oldStart;
                        pos.errorIndex = start;
                        return null;
                    }
                    start++;
                }
                break;

            default:
                // Peek the next pattern to determine if we need to obey the number of pattern letters for parsing.
                // It's required when parsing contiguous digit text (e.g., "20010704") with a pattern which has no delimiters between fields, like "yyyyMMdd".
                boolean obeyCount = false;

                // In Arabic, a minus sign for a negative number is put after the number. Even in another locale, a minus sign can be put after a number using DateFormat.setNumberFormat().
                // If both the minus sign and the field-delimiter are '-', subParse() needs to determine whether a '-' after a number in the given text is a delimiter or is a minus sign for the preceding number.
                // We give subParse() a clue based on the information in compiledPattern.
                boolean useFollowingMinusSignAsDelimiter = false;

                if (i < compiledPattern.length) {
                    int nextTag = compiledPattern[i] >>> 8;
                    if (!(nextTag == TAG_QUOTE_ASCII_CHAR ||
                          nextTag == TAG_QUOTE_CHARS)) {
                        obeyCount = true;
                    }

                    if (hasFollowingMinusSign &&
                        (nextTag == TAG_QUOTE_ASCII_CHAR ||
                         nextTag == TAG_QUOTE_CHARS)) {
                        int c;
                        if (nextTag == TAG_QUOTE_ASCII_CHAR) {
                            c = compiledPattern[i] & 0xff;
                        } else {
                            c = compiledPattern[i+1];
                        }

                        if (c == minusSign) {
                            useFollowingMinusSignAsDelimiter = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
                start = subParse(text, start, tag, count, obeyCount,
                                 ambiguousYear, pos,
                                 useFollowingMinusSignAsDelimiter, calb);
                if (start < 0) {
                    pos.index = oldStart;
                    return null;
                }
            }
        }

        // At this point the fields of Calendar have been set.  Calendar
        // will fill in default values for missing fields when the time
        // is computed.

        pos.index = start;

        Date parsedDate;
        try {
        //（2）使用calb中解析好的日期数据设置calendar
            parsedDate = calb.establish(calendar).getTime();
            // If the year value is ambiguous,
            // then the two-digit year == the default start year
            if (ambiguousYear[0]) {
                if (parsedDate.before(defaultCenturyStart)) {
                    parsedDate = calb.addYear(100).establish(calendar).getTime();
                }
            }
        }
        // An IllegalArgumentException will be thrown by Calendar.getTime()
        // if any fields are out of range, e.g., MONTH == 17.
        catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            pos.errorIndex = start;
            pos.index = oldStart;
            return null;
        }

        return parsedDate;
    }

CalendarBuilder#establish方法：

    Calendar establish(Calendar cal) {
        boolean weekDate = isSet(WEEK_YEAR)
                            && field[WEEK_YEAR] > field[YEAR];
        if (weekDate && !cal.isWeekDateSupported()) {
            // Use YEAR instead
            if (!isSet(YEAR)) {
                set(YEAR, field[MAX_FIELD + WEEK_YEAR]);
            }
            weekDate = false;
        }

        //（3）重置日期对象cal的属性值
        cal.clear();

        //(4) 使用calb中中属性设置cal
        // Set the fields from the min stamp to the max stamp so that
        // the field resolution works in the Calendar.
        for (int stamp = MINIMUM_USER_STAMP; stamp < nextStamp; stamp++) {
            for (int index = 0; index <= maxFieldIndex; index++) {
                if (field[index] == stamp) {
                    cal.set(index, field[MAX_FIELD + index]);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if (weekDate) {
            int weekOfYear = isSet(WEEK_OF_YEAR) ? field[MAX_FIELD + WEEK_OF_YEAR] : 1;
            int dayOfWeek = isSet(DAY_OF_WEEK) ?
                                field[MAX_FIELD + DAY_OF_WEEK] : cal.getFirstDayOfWeek();
            if (!isValidDayOfWeek(dayOfWeek) && cal.isLenient()) {
                if (dayOfWeek >= 8) {
                    dayOfWeek--;
                    weekOfYear += dayOfWeek / 7;
                    dayOfWeek = (dayOfWeek % 7) + 1;
                } else {
                    while (dayOfWeek <= 0) {
                        dayOfWeek += 7;
                        weekOfYear--;
                    }
                }
                dayOfWeek = toCalendarDayOfWeek(dayOfWeek);
            }
            cal.setWeekDate(field[MAX_FIELD + WEEK_YEAR], weekOfYear, dayOfWeek);
        }

        //(5)返回设置好的cal对象
        return cal;
    }

Calendar#clear()方法：

代码（3）重置Calendar对象里面的属性值，如下代码：

    public final void clear()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; ) {
            stamp[i] = fields[i] = 0; // UNSET == 0
            isSet[i++] = false;
        }
        areAllFieldsSet = areFieldsSet = false;
        isTimeSet = false;
    }

代码（4）使用calb中解析好的日期数据设置cal对象
代码（5） 返回设置好的cal对象

代码（3）、（4）、（5）这几步骤一起操作不具有原子性，当A线程操作了（3）、（4），当将要执行（5）返回结果之前，如果B线程执行（3）会导致线程A的结果错误。

那么多线程下如何保证SimpleDateFormat的安全性呢？

1）每个线程使用时，都new一个SimpleDateFormat的实例，这保证每个线程都用各自的Calendar实例。

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] waitingFormatTimeItems = { "2019-08-06", "2019-08-07", "2019-08-08" };
        for (int i = 0; i < waitingFormatTimeItems.length; i++) {
            final int i2 = i;
            Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");

                    for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
                        String str = waitingFormatTimeItems[i2];
                        String str2 = null;
                        Date parserDate = null;try {
                            parserDate = sdf.parse(str);
                        } catch (ParseException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                        str2 = sdf.format(parserDate);

                        System.out.println("i: " + i2 + "\tj: " + j + "\tThreadName: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + str + "\t" + str2);
                        if (!str.equals(str2)) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("date conversion failed after " + j + " iterations. Expected " + str + " but got " + str2);
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
            thread.start();
        }
    }

这种方式缺点：每个线程都 new 一个对象，并且使用后由于没有其它引用，都需要被回收，开销比较大。

2）经过分析最终导致SimpleDateFormat的线程不安全原因是步骤（3）、（4）、（5）不是一个原子性操作，那么就可以对其进行同步，让（3）、（4）、（5）成为原子操作，可以使用ReetentLock。Synchronized等进行同步。

    private static SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] waitingFormatTimeItems = { "2019-08-06", "2019-08-07", "2019-08-08" };
        for (int i = 0; i < waitingFormatTimeItems.length; i++) {
            final int i2 = i;
            Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
                        String str = waitingFormatTimeItems[i2];
                        String str2 = null;
                        Date parserDate = null;
                        synchronized (sdf) {
                            try {
                                parserDate = sdf.parse(str);
                            } catch (ParseException e) {
                                e.printStackTrace();
                            }
                            str2 = sdf.format(parserDate);
                        }
                        System.out.println("i: " + i2 + "\tj: " + j + "\tThreadName: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + str + "\t" + str2);
                        if (!str.equals(str2)) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("date conversion failed after " + j + " iterations. Expected " + str + " but got " + str2);
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
            thread.start();
        }
    }

使用了同步锁，意味着多线程下会竞争锁，在高并发情况下会导致系统响应性能下降。

3）使用ThreadLocal，这样每个线程只需要使用一个SimpleDateFormat实例，在多线程下比第一种节省了对象的销毁开销，并且不需要对多线程进行同步，代码如下：

当使用ThreadLocal维护变量时，ThreadLocal为每个使用该变量的线程提供独立的变量副本，所以每一个线程都可以独立地改变自己的副本，而不会影响其他线程所对应的副本。

ThreadLocal包含定义了一个ThreadLocalMap，ThreadLocalMap的key为弱引用的线程（ThreadLocal<?>），要保存的线程局部变量的值为value（Object）.

    private static ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<SimpleDateFormat>() {
        @Override
        protected SimpleDateFormat initialValue() {
            return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
        };
    };

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String[] waitingFormatTimeItems = { "2019-08-06", "2019-08-07", "2019-08-08" };
        for (int i = 0; i < waitingFormatTimeItems.length; i++) {
            final int i2 = i;
            Thread thread = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");

                    for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
                        String str = waitingFormatTimeItems[i2];
                        String str2 = null;
                        Date parserDate = null;
                        try {
                            parserDate = threadLocal.get().parse(str);
                        } catch (ParseException e) {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                        str2 = threadLocal.get().format(parserDate);
                        System.out.println("i: " + i2 + "\tj: " + j + "\tThreadName: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + str + "\t" + str2);
                        if (!str.equals(str2)) {
                            throw new RuntimeException("date conversion failed after " + j + " iterations. Expected " + str + " but got " + str2);
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
            thread.start();
        }
    }

参考：

《线程不安全的SimpleDateFormat》