[LeetCode] Linked List Random Node 链表随机节点

Given a singly linked list, return a random node's value from the linked list. Each node must have the same probability of being chosen.

Follow up:
What if the linked list is extremely large and its length is unknown to
you? Could you solve this efficiently without using extra space?

Example:

// Init a singly linked list [1,2,3].
ListNode head = new ListNode(1);
head.next = new ListNode(2);
head.next.next = new ListNode(3);
Solution solution = new Solution(head);

// getRandom() should return either 1, 2, or 3 randomly. Each element should have equal probability of returning.
solution.getRandom();

这道题给了我们一个链表，让随机返回一个节点，那么最直接的方法就是先统计出链表的长度，然后根据长度随机生成一个位置，然后从开头遍历到这个位置即可，参见代码如下：

解法一：

class Solution {
public:
    Solution(ListNode* head) {
        len = ;
        ListNode *cur = head;
        this->head = head;
        while (cur) {
            ++len;
            cur = cur->next;
        }
    }
    int getRandom() {
        int t = rand() % len;
        ListNode *cur = head;
        while (t) {
            --t;
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        return cur->val;
    }
private:
    int len;
    ListNode *head;
};

Follow up 中说链表可能很长，我们没法提前知道长度，这里用到了著名了 水塘抽样 Reservoir Sampling 的思路，由于限定了 head 一定存在，所以先让返回值 res 等于 head 的节点值，然后让 cur 指向 head 的下一个节点，定义一个变量i，初始化为2，若 cur 不为空则开始循环，在 [0, i - 1] 中取一个随机数，如果取出来0，则更新 res 为当前的 cur 的节点值，然后此时i自增一，cur 指向其下一个位置，这里其实相当于维护了一个大小为1的水塘，然后随机数生成为0的话，交换水塘中的值和当前遍历到的值，这样可以保证每个数字的概率相等，参见代码如下：

解法二：

class Solution {
public:
    Solution(ListNode* head) {
        this->head = head;
    }
    int getRandom() {
        int res = head->val, i = ;
        ListNode *cur = head->next;
        while (cur) {
            int j = rand() % i;
            if (j == ) res = cur->val;
            ++i;
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        return res;
    }
private:
    ListNode *head;
};

Github 同步地址：

https://github.com/grandyang/leetcode/issues/382

类似题目：

Random Pick Index

参考资料：

https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-random-node/

https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-random-node/discuss/85662/Java-Solution-with-cases-explain

https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-random-node/discuss/85659/Brief-explanation-for-Reservoir-Sampling

https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-random-node/discuss/85701/O(n)-Time-and-O(1)-Space-Java-Solution

https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-random-node/discuss/85690/using-reservoir-sampling-o1-space-on-time-complexityuff0cc

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