深度学习面试题20：GoogLeNet(Inception V1)
目录
简介
网络结构
对应代码
网络说明
参考资料
|
简介 |
2014年，GoogLeNet和VGG是当年ImageNet挑战赛(ILSVRC14)的双雄，GoogLeNet获得了第一名、VGG获得了第二名，这两类模型结构的共同特点是层次更深了。VGG继承了LeNet以及AlexNet的一些框架结构，而GoogLeNet则做了更加大胆的网络结构尝试，虽然深度只有22层，但大小却比AlexNet和VGG小很多，GoogleNet参数为500万个，AlexNet参数个数是GoogleNet的12倍，VGGNet参数又是AlexNet的3倍，因此在内存或计算资源有限时，GoogleNet是比较好的选择；从模型结果来看，GoogLeNet的性能却更加优越。
GoogLeNet是谷歌（Google）研究出来的深度网络结构，为什么不叫“GoogleNet”，而叫“GoogLeNet”，是为了向“LeNet”致敬，因此取名为“GoogLeNet”
GoogLeNet团队要打造一个Inception模块（名字源于盗梦空间），让深度网络的表现更好。
|
网络结构 |
PS：Slim是2016年开发出来的，即使在InceptionV1中，他也没有使用论文里说的5*5的卷积核，而是用的3*3的卷积核。
|
对应代码 |
这里采用的官网的代码tensorflow/models/research/slim/nets/inception_v1.py
下载方式
git clone https://github.com/tensorflow/models.git
这个项目比较大，如果下载很慢的话，可以在qq群：537594183文件中只下载slim的代码即可。
# Copyright 2016 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Contains the definition for inception v1 classification network.""" from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function import tensorflow as tf from nets import inception_utils slim = tf.contrib.slim
trunc_normal = lambda stddev: tf.truncated_normal_initializer(0.0, stddev) def inception_v1_base(inputs,
final_endpoint='Mixed_5c',
include_root_block=True,
scope='InceptionV1'):
"""Defines the Inception V1 base architecture. This architecture is defined in:
Going deeper with convolutions
Christian Szegedy, Wei Liu, Yangqing Jia, Pierre Sermanet, Scott Reed,
Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Vincent Vanhoucke, Andrew Rabinovich.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.4842v1.pdf. Args:
inputs: a tensor of size [batch_size, height, width, channels].
final_endpoint: specifies the endpoint to construct the network up to. It
can be one of ['Conv2d_1a_7x7', 'MaxPool_2a_3x3', 'Conv2d_2b_1x1',
'Conv2d_2c_3x3', 'MaxPool_3a_3x3', 'Mixed_3b', 'Mixed_3c',
'MaxPool_4a_3x3', 'Mixed_4b', 'Mixed_4c', 'Mixed_4d', 'Mixed_4e',
'Mixed_4f', 'MaxPool_5a_2x2', 'Mixed_5b', 'Mixed_5c']. If
include_root_block is False, ['Conv2d_1a_7x7', 'MaxPool_2a_3x3',
'Conv2d_2b_1x1', 'Conv2d_2c_3x3', 'MaxPool_3a_3x3'] will not be available.
include_root_block: If True, include the convolution and max-pooling layers
before the inception modules. If False, excludes those layers.
scope: Optional variable_scope. Returns:
A dictionary from components of the network to the corresponding activation. Raises:
ValueError: if final_endpoint is not set to one of the predefined values.
"""
end_points = {}
with tf.variable_scope(scope, 'InceptionV1', [inputs]):
with slim.arg_scope(
[slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
weights_initializer=trunc_normal(0.01)):
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.max_pool2d],
stride=1, padding='SAME'):
net = inputs
if include_root_block:
end_point = 'Conv2d_1a_7x7'
net = slim.conv2d(inputs, 64, [7, 7], stride=2, scope=end_point)
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point:
return net, end_points
end_point = 'MaxPool_2a_3x3'
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, scope=end_point)
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point:
return net, end_points
end_point = 'Conv2d_2b_1x1'
net = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope=end_point)
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point:
return net, end_points
end_point = 'Conv2d_2c_3x3'
net = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [3, 3], scope=end_point)
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point:
return net, end_points
end_point = 'MaxPool_3a_3x3'
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, scope=end_point)
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point:
return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_3b'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 96, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 128, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 16, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 32, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 32, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_3c'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 32, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'MaxPool_4a_3x3'
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, scope=end_point)
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_4b'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 96, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 208, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 16, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 48, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_4c'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 112, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 224, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 24, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 64, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_4d'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 256, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 24, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 64, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_4e'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 112, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 144, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 288, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 32, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 64, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_4f'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 320, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 32, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'MaxPool_5a_2x2'
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [2, 2], stride=2, scope=end_point)
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_5b'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 256, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 320, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 32, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0a_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points end_point = 'Mixed_5c'
with tf.variable_scope(end_point):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 384, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 48, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='MaxPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat(
axis=3, values=[branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3])
end_points[end_point] = net
if final_endpoint == end_point: return net, end_points
raise ValueError('Unknown final endpoint %s' % final_endpoint) def inception_v1(inputs,
num_classes=1000,
is_training=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.8,
prediction_fn=slim.softmax,
spatial_squeeze=True,
reuse=None,
scope='InceptionV1',
global_pool=False):
"""Defines the Inception V1 architecture. This architecture is defined in: Going deeper with convolutions
Christian Szegedy, Wei Liu, Yangqing Jia, Pierre Sermanet, Scott Reed,
Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Vincent Vanhoucke, Andrew Rabinovich.
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.4842v1.pdf. The default image size used to train this network is 224x224. Args:
inputs: a tensor of size [batch_size, height, width, channels].
num_classes: number of predicted classes. If 0 or None, the logits layer
is omitted and the input features to the logits layer (before dropout)
are returned instead.
is_training: whether is training or not.
dropout_keep_prob: the percentage of activation values that are retained.
prediction_fn: a function to get predictions out of logits.
spatial_squeeze: if True, logits is of shape [B, C], if false logits is of
shape [B, 1, 1, C], where B is batch_size and C is number of classes.
reuse: whether or not the network and its variables should be reused. To be
able to reuse 'scope' must be given.
scope: Optional variable_scope.
global_pool: Optional boolean flag to control the avgpooling before the
logits layer. If false or unset, pooling is done with a fixed window
that reduces default-sized inputs to 1x1, while larger inputs lead to
larger outputs. If true, any input size is pooled down to 1x1. Returns:
net: a Tensor with the logits (pre-softmax activations) if num_classes
is a non-zero integer, or the non-dropped-out input to the logits layer
if num_classes is 0 or None.
end_points: a dictionary from components of the network to the corresponding
activation.
"""
# Final pooling and prediction
with tf.variable_scope(scope, 'InceptionV1', [inputs], reuse=reuse) as scope:
with slim.arg_scope([slim.batch_norm, slim.dropout],
is_training=is_training):
net, end_points = inception_v1_base(inputs, scope=scope)
with tf.variable_scope('Logits'):
if global_pool:
# Global average pooling.
net = tf.reduce_mean(net, [1, 2], keep_dims=True, name='global_pool')
end_points['global_pool'] = net
else:
# Pooling with a fixed kernel size.
net = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [7, 7], stride=1, scope='AvgPool_0a_7x7')
end_points['AvgPool_0a_7x7'] = net
if not num_classes:
return net, end_points
net = slim.dropout(net, dropout_keep_prob, scope='Dropout_0b')
logits = slim.conv2d(net, num_classes, [1, 1], activation_fn=None,
normalizer_fn=None, scope='Conv2d_0c_1x1')
if spatial_squeeze:
logits = tf.squeeze(logits, [1, 2], name='SpatialSqueeze') end_points['Logits'] = logits
end_points['Predictions'] = prediction_fn(logits, scope='Predictions')
return logits, end_points
inception_v1.default_image_size = 224 inception_v1_arg_scope = inception_utils.inception_arg_scope
|
网络说明 |
（1）GoogLeNet采用了模块化的结构（Inception结构），方便增添和修改；
（2）网络最后采用了average pooling（平均池化）来代替全连接层，，事实证明这样可以将准确率提高0.6%。但是，实际在最后还是加了一个全连接层，主要是为了方便对输出进行灵活调整；
（3）虽然移除了全连接，但是网络中依然使用了Dropout ;
（4）辅助分类器的两个分支有什么用呢？
作用一：可以把他看做inception网络中的一个小细节，它确保了即便是隐藏单元和中间层也参与了特征计算，他们也能预测图片的类别，他在inception网络中起到一种调整的效果，并且能防止网络发生过拟合。
作用二：给定深度相对较大的网络，有效传播梯度反向通过所有层的能力是一个问题。通过将辅助分类器添加到这些中间层，可以期望较低阶段分类器的判别力。在训练期间，它们的损失以折扣权重（辅助分类器损失的权重是0.3）加到网络的整个损失上。
Inception V1的参数量=5607184，约为560w
|
参考资料 |
《图解深度学习与神经网络：从张量到TensorFlow实现》_张平
inceptionV1-Going Deeper with Convolutions
http://noahsnail.com/2017/07/21/2017-07-21-GoogleNet%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7/
《深-度-学-习-核-心-技-术-与-实-践》
大话CNN经典模型：GoogLeNet（从Inception v1到v4的演进）
https://my.oschina.net/u/876354/blog/1637819
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