Python flask-restful框架讲解

Restful 是 Flask 的扩展，增加了对快速构建 REST api 的支持。它是一个轻量级的概念，与您现有的 ORM/librarie 一起工作。Restful 鼓励最小化设置的最佳实践。如果你熟悉Flask，Flask-RESTful 应该很容易。

关于flask的使用，参考我的之前的博客：https://blog.csdn.net/shifengboy/article/details/114274271

flask-restful官方文档：https://flask-restful.readthedocs.io/en/lates

中文文档：http://www.pythondoc.com/Flask-RESTful/

flask-restful 安装

pip install flask-restful

flask-restful使用

简单上手

from flask import Flask
from flask_restful import Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

class HelloWorld(Resource):
    def get(self):
        return {'hello': 'world'}

api.add_resource(HelloWorld, '/')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

运行结果：

$ curl http://127.0.0.1:5000/
{"hello": "world"}

Resourceful 路由

Flask-RESTful 提供的主要构建块是资源。资源构建在 Flask 可插入视图之上，只需在资源上定义方法，就可以轻松访问多个 HTTP 方法。一个 todo 应用程序的基本 CRUD 资源是这样的:

from flask import Flask, request
from flask_restful import Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

todos = {}

class TodoSimple(Resource):
    def get(self, todo_id):
        return {todo_id: todos[todo_id]}

    def put(self, todo_id):
        todos[todo_id] = request.form['data']
        return {todo_id: todos[todo_id]}

api.add_resource(TodoSimple, '/<string:todo_id>')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

运行结果：

chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl http://localhost:5000/todo1 -d "data=Remember the milk" -X PUT
{
    "todo1": "Remember the milk"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl http://localhost:5000/todo1
{
    "todo1": "Remember the milk"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl http://localhost:5000/todo2 -d "data=Change my brakepads" -X PUT
{
    "todo2": "Change my brakepads"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl http://localhost:5000/todo2
{
    "todo2": "Change my brakepads"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$

Restful 能够从 view 方法中理解多种返回值。类似于 Flask，你可以返回任何可迭代的并且它将被转换成一个响应，包括原始 Flask 响应对象。还支持使用多个返回值设置响应代码和响应头，如下所示:

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:flask_restful_demo.py
@time:2021/03/05
"""
from flask import Flask, request
from flask_restful import Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

class Todo1(Resource):
    def get(self):
        # Default to 200 OK
        return {'task': 'Hello world'}

class Todo2(Resource):
    def get(self):
        # Set the response code to 201
        return {'task': 'Hello world'}, 201

class Todo3(Resource):
    def get(self):
        # Set the response code to 201 and return custom headers
        return {'task': 'Hello world'}, 201, {'Etag': 'some-opaque-string'}

api.add_resource(Todo1,'/todo1')
api.add_resource(Todo2,'/todo2')
api.add_resource(Todo3,'/todo3')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

运行结果：

chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl -i  http://127.0.0.1:5000/todo1
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 30
Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.9.2
Date: Fri, 05 Mar 2021 16:08:28 GMT

{
    "task": "Hello world"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl -i  http://127.0.0.1:5000/todo2
HTTP/1.0 201 CREATED
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 30
Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.9.2
Date: Fri, 05 Mar 2021 16:08:32 GMT

{
    "task": "Hello world"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl -i  http://127.0.0.1:5000/todo3
HTTP/1.0 201 CREATED
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 30
Etag: some-opaque-string
Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.9.2
Date: Fri, 05 Mar 2021 16:08:34 GMT

{
    "task": "Hello world"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ 

Endpoints 端点

很多时候，在一个 API 中，你的资源会有多个 url。可以将多个 url 传递给 Api 对象上的 add _ resource ()方法。每一个都将被路由到Resource

api.add_resource(HelloWorld,
    '/',
    '/hello')

您还可以将路径的某些部分作为变量匹配到Resource。

api.add_resource(Todo,
    '/todo/<int:todo_id>', endpoint='todo_ep')

演示代码：

from flask import Flask
from flask_restful import Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

class HelloWorld(Resource):
    def get(self):
        return {'hello': 'world'}

class Todo(Resource):
    def get(self, todo_id):
        # Default to 200 OK
        return {'task': 'Hello world'}

api.add_resource(HelloWorld, '/', '/hello')
api.add_resource(Todo, '/todo/<int:todo_id>', endpoint='todo_ep')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

演示结果：

chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl  http://127.0.0.1:5000/
{
    "hello": "world"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl  http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello
{
    "hello": "world"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl  http://127.0.0.1:5000/todo/1
{
    "task": "Hello world"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl  http://127.0.0.1:5000/todo/2
{
    "task": "Hello world"
}

参数解析

虽然 Flask 可以方便地访问请求数据(即 querystring 或 POST 表单编码的数据) ，但验证表单数据仍然是一件痛苦的事情。使用类似于 argparse 的库对请求数据验证提供内置支持。

from flask import Flask
from flask_restful import reqparse, Api, Resource

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

parser = reqparse.RequestParser()
parser.add_argument('rate', type=int, help='Rate to charge for this resource')

class Todo(Resource):
    def post(self):
        args = parser.parse_args()
        print(args)
        # Default to 200 OK
        return {'task': 'Hello world'}

api.add_resource(Todo,'/todos' )

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl -d 'rate=100' http://127.0.0.1:5000/todos
{
    "task": "Hello world"
}
chenshifengdeMacBook-Pro:~ chenshifeng$ curl -d 'rate=foo' http://127.0.0.1:5000/todos
{
    "message": {
        "rate": "Rate to charge for this resource"
    }
}

与 argparse 模块不同，reqparse. RequestParser.parse _ args ()返回 Python 字典，而不是自定义数据结构。

输入模块提供了许多常用的转换函数，例如 inputs.date ()和 inputs.url ()。

使用 strict = True 调用 parse _ args 可以确保在请求包含您的解析器没有定义的参数时抛出错误。

args = parser.parse_args(strict=True)

$ curl -d 'rate2=foo' http://127.0.0.1:5000/todos
{
    "message": "Unknown arguments: rate2"
}

数据格式化

默认情况下，在你的返回迭代中所有字段将会原样呈现。尽管当你刚刚处理 Python 数据结构的时候，觉得这是一个伟大的工作，但是当实际处理它们的时候，会觉得十分沮丧和枯燥。为了解决这个问题，Flask-RESTful 提供了 fields 模块和 marshal_with() 装饰器。类似 Django ORM 和 WTForm，你可以使用 fields 模块来在你的响应中格式化结构。

from flask import Flask
from flask_restful import fields, marshal_with, Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

resource_fields = {
    'task':   fields.String,
    'uri':    fields.Url('todo')
}

class TodoDao(object):
    def __init__(self, todo_id, task):
        self.todo_id = todo_id
        self.task = task

        # This field will not be sent in the response
        self.status = 'active'

class Todo(Resource):
    @marshal_with(resource_fields)
    def get(self, **kwargs):
        return TodoDao(todo_id='my_todo', task='Remember the milk')

api.add_resource(Todo,'/todo')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

上面的例子接受一个 python 对象并准备将其序列化。marshal_with() 装饰器将会应用到由 resource_fields 描述的转换。从对象中提取的唯一字段是 task。fields.Url 域是一个特殊的域，它接受端点（endpoint）名称作为参数并且在响应中为该端点生成一个 URL。许多你需要的字段类型都已经包含在内。请参阅 fields 指南获取一个完整的列表。

$ curl  http://127.0.0.1:5000/todo
{
    "task": "Remember the milk",
    "uri": "/todo"
}

完整例子

from flask import Flask
from flask_restful import reqparse, abort, Api, Resource

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

TODOS = {
    'todo1': {'task': 'build an API'},
    'todo2': {'task': '?????'},
    'todo3': {'task': 'profit!'},
}

def abort_if_todo_doesnt_exist(todo_id):
    if todo_id not in TODOS:
        abort(404, message="Todo {} doesn't exist".format(todo_id))

parser = reqparse.RequestParser()
parser.add_argument('task')

# Todo
# shows a single todo item and lets you delete a todo item
class Todo(Resource):
    def get(self, todo_id):
        abort_if_todo_doesnt_exist(todo_id)
        return TODOS[todo_id]

    def delete(self, todo_id):
        abort_if_todo_doesnt_exist(todo_id)
        del TODOS[todo_id]
        return '', 204

    def put(self, todo_id):
        args = parser.parse_args()
        task = {'task': args['task']}
        TODOS[todo_id] = task
        return task, 201

# TodoList
# shows a list of all todos, and lets you POST to add new tasks
class TodoList(Resource):
    def get(self):
        return TODOS

    def post(self):
        args = parser.parse_args()
        todo_id = int(max(TODOS.keys()).lstrip('todo')) + 1
        todo_id = 'todo%i' % todo_id
        TODOS[todo_id] = {'task': args['task']}
        return TODOS[todo_id], 201

##
## Actually setup the Api resource routing here
##
api.add_resource(TodoList, '/todos')
api.add_resource(Todo, '/todos/<todo_id>')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True)

获取列表

$ curl http://localhost:5000/todos
{
    "todo1": {
        "task": "build an API"
    },
    "todo2": {
        "task": "?????"
    },
    "todo3": {
        "task": "profit!"
    }
}

获取一个单独的任务

$ curl http://localhost:5000/todos/todo3
{
    "task": "profit!"
}

删除一个任务

$ curl http://localhost:5000/todos/todo2 -X DELETE -v
*   Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connection failed
* connect to ::1 port 5000 failed: Connection refused
*   Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 5000 (#0)
> DELETE /todos/todo2 HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:5000
> User-Agent: curl/7.64.1
> Accept: */*
>
* HTTP 1.0, assume close after body
< HTTP/1.0 204 NO CONTENT
< Content-Type: application/json
< Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.9.2
< Date: Sat, 06 Mar 2021 03:29:33 GMT
<
* Closing connection 0

增加一个新的任务

$ curl http://localhost:5000/todos -d "task=something new" -X POST -v
Note: Unnecessary use of -X or --request, POST is already inferred.
*   Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connection failed
* connect to ::1 port 5000 failed: Connection refused
*   Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 5000 (#0)
> POST /todos HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:5000
> User-Agent: curl/7.64.1
> Accept: */*
> Content-Length: 18
> Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
>
* upload completely sent off: 18 out of 18 bytes
* HTTP 1.0, assume close after body
< HTTP/1.0 201 CREATED
< Content-Type: application/json
< Content-Length: 32
< Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.9.2
< Date: Sat, 06 Mar 2021 03:31:02 GMT
<
{
    "task": "something new"
}
* Closing connection 0

更新一个任务

$  curl http://localhost:5000/todos/todo3 -d "task=something different" -X PUT -v
*   Trying ::1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connection failed
* connect to ::1 port 5000 failed: Connection refused
*   Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 5000 (#0)
> PUT /todos/todo3 HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:5000
> User-Agent: curl/7.64.1
> Accept: */*
> Content-Length: 24
> Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
>
* upload completely sent off: 24 out of 24 bytes
* HTTP 1.0, assume close after body
< HTTP/1.0 201 CREATED
< Content-Type: application/json
< Content-Length: 38
< Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.9.2
< Date: Sat, 06 Mar 2021 03:32:44 GMT
<
{
    "task": "something different"
}
* Closing connection 0

获取最新列表

$ curl http://localhost:5000/todos
{
    "todo1": {
        "task": "build an API"
    },
    "todo3": {
        "task": "something different"
    },
    "todo4": {
        "task": "something new"
    }
}