【题目】

All DNA is composed of a series of nucleotides abbreviated as A, C, G, and T, for example: "ACGAATTCCG". When studying DNA, it is sometimes useful to identify repeated sequences within the DNA.

Write a function to find all the 10-letter-long sequences (substrings) that occur more than once in a DNA molecule.

For example,

Given s = "AAAAACCCCCAAAAACCCCCCAAAAAGGGTTT",

Return:
["AAAAACCCCC", "CCCCCAAAAA"].

【解析】

题意:找出DNA序列中全部出现次数大于1的长度为10的子串。

我认为题目给的样例有问题,样例中除了给出的两个子串,还有“ACCCCCAAAA", "AACCCCCAAA", "AAACCCCCAA", "AAAACCCCCA"也都符合条件。

注意题目中第一段连续的C是5个,第二段连续的C是6个。(Update on 2015-07-22)

參考 https://oj.leetcode.com/discuss/24478/i-did-it-in-10-lines-of-c 我来解释一下思路:

首先看这道题的Tags是Hash Table和Bit Manipulation。那么怎样把字符串转化为位操作呢?我们首先来看字母 ”A" "C" “G" "T" 的ASCII码。各自是65, 67, 71, 84。二进制表示为 1000001, 1000011, 1000111, 1010100。能够看到它们的后四位是不同。所以用后四位就能够区分这四个字母。一个字母用3bit来区分,那么10个字母用30bit就够了。

用int的第29~0位分表表示这0~9个字符。然后把30bit转化为int作为这个子串的key,放入到HashTable中,以推断该子串是否出现过。

【Java代码】

public class Solution {
public List<String> findRepeatedDnaSequences(String s) {
List<String> ans = new ArrayList<String>();
HashMap<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
int key = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
key = ((key << 3) | (s.charAt(i) & 0x7)) & 0x3fffffff;
if (i < 9) continue;
if (map.get(key) == null) {
map.put(key, 1);
} else if (map.get(key) == 1) {
ans.add(s.substring(i - 9, i + 1));
map.put(key, 2);
}
}
return ans;
}
}

【补充】

假设说不记得A。C,G,T的ASCII码了。并且也不想计算它们的二进制表示,那么能够用一种替代的方法。即把A,C,G,T映射成0。1。2。3,这样用两个bit就能够区分它们00,01。10,11了。还有这里是长度为10的子串。并且这四个字符用3bit就能够区分,加起来总共30bit,假设子串长度再长些,或者字符种类再多些须要3bit以上来区分,总共bit数超过32,那么採用映射不失为一种非常好的解决方法。可參见http://bookshadow.com/weblog/2015/02/06/leetcode-repeated-dna-sequences/

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