HTML5 2D平台游戏开发#7Camera

　　在庞大的游戏世界中，玩家不能一览地图全貌，而是只能看到其中一部分，并一步步探索，这时就要用到一种技术来显示局部的地图，游戏术语称为摄像机(Camera)。下面两张图中的白色矩形框表示了Camera的作用，玩家控制的角色总是在该矩形内。

可以想像成一个200X100宽高的相框固定在坐标(0,0)处，然后移动下面的蓝纸，蓝纸的不同位置就会显示在相框中。

同时，也只需绘制出现在相框中的地图即可，这样可以提升一部分程序的性能。为实现Camera功能，需要添加一些辅助方法。

改造一下原来的AABB函数：

class AABB {
    /**
     * 碰撞盒子
     * @param x    {number} 盒子x坐标
     * @param y    {number} 盒子y坐标
     * @param w    {number} 盒子宽度
     * @param h    {number} 盒子高度
     */
    constructor(x,y,w,h) {
        this.pos = new Vector(x,y);
        this.size = new Vector(w,h);
        this.center = new Vector(this.pos.x + w / 2,this.pos.y + h / 2);
        this.halfSize = new Vector(this.size.x / 2,this.size.y / 2);

        this.init();
    }

    set(x, y, /*optional*/w, /*optional*/h) {
        this.pos = new Vector(x, y);
        this.size = new Vector(w || this.width, h || this.height);

        this.init();
    }

    init() {
        this.left = this.pos.x;
        this.top = this.pos.y;
        this.width = this.size.x;
        this.height = this.size.y;
        this.right = this.left + this.width;
        this.bottom = this.top + this.height;
    }

    within(r) {
        return r.left <= this.left &&
            r.right >= this.right &&
            r.top <= this.top &&
            r.bottom >= this.bottom;
    }
}

同时新增Camera构造函数：

let AXIS = {};
Object.defineProperties(AXIS,{
    'NONE':{
        value:"none"
    },
    'HORIZONTAL':{
        value:"horizontal"
    },
    'VERTICAL':{
        value:"vertical"
    },
    'BOTH':{
        value:"both"
    }
});

class Camera {
    /**
     * 摄像机构造函数
     * @param level {map} 地图
     * @param x {Number} camera的x坐标
     * @param y {Number} camera的y坐标
     * @param canvasWidth {Number} camera视口宽度
     * @param canvasHeight {Number} camera视口高度
     * @param maxX {Number} camera的最大x坐标
     * @param maxY {Number} camera的最大y坐标
     */
    constructor(level,x,y,canvasWidth,canvasHeight,maxX,maxY) {
        //摄像机左上角的x,y坐标
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        //摄像机的大小
        this.w = canvasWidth;
        this.h = canvasHeight;

        //摄像机开始移动的临界点
        //跟踪对象到摄像机边界的距离
        this.xDeadZone = 0; //距离水平边界的距离
        this.yDeadZone = 0; //距离垂直边界的距离

        //摄像机能够移动的最大范围
        this.maxX = maxX || level.cols - this.w;
        this.maxY = maxY || level.rows - this.h;
        //摄像机移动的方向
        this.axis = AXIS.BOTH;
        //镜头跟随的对象
        this.followed = null;

        //表示camera视口
        this.viewportRect = new AABB(this.x,this.y,this.w,this.h);

        //表示整个地图范围
        this.worldRect = new AABB(0,0,level.cols,level.rows);
    }

    follow(gameObject,xDeadZone,yDeadZone) {
        this.followed = gameObject;
        this.xDeadZone = xDeadZone;
        this.yDeadZone = yDeadZone;
    }

    update() {
        //仅在有跟随对象时更新摄像机位置
        if(this.followed !== null) {
            if(this.axis === AXIS.HORIZONTAL || this.axis === AXIS.BOTH) {
                //根据跟随对象位置更新摄像机的x坐标
                if(this.followed.pos.x - this.x + this.xDeadZone > this.w) {
                    this.x = this.followed.pos.x - (this.w - this.xDeadZone);
                } else if(this.followed.pos.x - this.xDeadZone < this.x) {
                    this.x = this.followed.pos.x - this.xDeadZone;
                }
            }

            if(this.axis === AXIS.VERTICAL || this.axis === AXIS.BOTH) {
                //根据跟随对象位置更新摄像机的y坐标
                if(this.followed.pos.y - this.y + this.yDeadZone > this.h) {
                    this.y = this.followed.pos.y - (this.h - this.yDeadZone);
                } else if(this.followed.pos.y - this.yDeadZone < this.y) {
                    this.y = this.followed.pos.y - this.yDeadZone;
                }
            }
        }

        //重新设置camera视口的x坐标和y坐标
        this.viewportRect.set(this.x,this.y);

        //保证camera不会超出地图范围
        if(!this.viewportRect.within(this.worldRect)) {
            if(this.viewportRect.left < this.worldRect.left) this.x = this.worldRect.left;
            if(this.viewportRect.top < this.worldRect.top) this.y = this.worldRect.top;
            if(this.viewportRect.right > this.worldRect.right) this.x = this.worldRect.right - this.w;
            if(this.viewportRect.bottom > this.worldRect.bottom) this.y = this.worldRect.bottom - this.h;
        }
    }
}

在游戏开始时初始化Camera：

camera = new Camera(levels,0,0,c.width / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE,c.height / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE);
camera.follow(player,c.width / 2 / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE,c.height / 2 / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE);

渲染地图时只绘制Camera部分：

_drawLayer(layerIndex) {
        let tileSize = MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE,
            startCol = camera.x >> 0,   //起始列
            endCol = Math.floor(startCol + camera.w) + 1,    //结束列
            startRow = camera.y >> 0,   //开始行
            endRow = Math.floor(startRow + camera.h) + 1,    //结束行
            offsetX = -camera.x + startCol,
            offsetY = -camera.y + startRow;

        for (let r = startRow; r < endRow; r++) {
            for (let c = startCol; c < endCol; c++) {
                let tile = this.getTile(layerIndex, c, r),
                    x = (c - startCol + offsetX) * tileSize,  //瓦片的x坐标
                    y = (r - startRow + offsetY) * tileSize;  //瓦片的y坐标

                if (tile !== -1) {
                    this.ctx.drawImage(
                        this.spriteSheet,
                        tile * tileSize % this.dimensions.w,    //瓦片精灵图上的x坐标
                        Math.floor(tile * tileSize / this.dimensions.w) * tileSize, //瓦片精灵图上的y坐标
                        tileSize,
                        tileSize,
                        Math.round(x),
                        Math.round(y),
                        tileSize,
                        tileSize
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }

以下是演示效果：

input{
position: relative;
z-index: 2;
}
#debugTools ul{
transition: all .3s;
opacity: 1;
left: 70px;
top: 0;
position: absolute;
}
#debugTools ul li{
float: left;
margin-right: 15px;
}
#debugTools.active ul {
left: 0;
opacity: 0;
}
-->

 

• 网格
• 精灵框
• 碰撞框
• 坐标

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(function() {
var canvas = document.createElement('canvas'),
a = document.getElementById('a');
canvas.id = 'c1';
canvas.width = 640;
canvas.height = 506;

a.appendChild(canvas);

var c = document.getElementById('c1'),
ctx = c.getContext('2d'),
lastTime = 0,
elapsed,
paused = false,
raqId,
playerSpriteSheet = new Image(),
levelAssets = new Image(),
canvasBG = new Image(),
now;

let camera;

loadAssets(['https://files.cnblogs.com/files/undefined000/game.min-v2.js?v=10'],function() {
playerSpriteSheet.src = imageData;
levelAssets.src = levelSpriteSheet;
canvasBG.src = background;

camera = new Camera(levels.stage1,0,0,c.width / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE,c.height / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE);

let level = new MapManager(levels.stage1,ctx,{
image:levelAssets,
w:416,
h:96
},camera);

let player = new Player(new Vector(5,2),ctx,level,playerSpriteSheet,camera);
camera.follow(player,c.width / 2 / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE,c.height / 2 / MAPCONFIG.TILESIZE);

function loop() {
draw();
}
function stop() {
cancelAnimationFrame(raqId)
}

function draw() {
ctx.clearRect(0,0,c.width,c.height);

now = +new Date;

if(lastTime !== 0) {
elapsed = Math.min(now - lastTime,16);
} else elapsed = 16;

level.render();
player.update(elapsed);
camera.update();

lastTime = now;

raqId = requestAnimationFrame(draw);
}
loop();

window.addEventListener('keyup',(e) => {
if(e.keyCode === 80) {
paused = !paused;
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stop();
let txt = 'Pause';
ctx.font = '50px Source Han Serif';
ctx.fillStyle = '#f00';
ctx.fillText(txt, (c.width - ctx.measureText(txt).width) / 2, c.height / 2);
} else {
loop();
}
}
});
});

})();
// ]]>

更新日志

　　2017/04/09  更新角色跳跃

　　2017/04/21  更新角色冲刺

　　2017/05/01  更新角色状态机

　　2017/05/16  更新角色攻击动画

　　2017/05/22  更新角色移动攻击动画

　　2017/05/24  更新角色跳跃攻击动画

　　2017/06/04  更新地图绘制

　　2017/06/22  更新摄像机、长距离冲刺