（剑指Offer）面试题30：最小的k个数

题目：

输入n个整数，找出其中最小的K个数。例如输入4,5,1,6,2,7,3,8这8个数字，则最小的4个数字是1,2,3,4,。

思路：

1、排序

把输入的n个整数排序，然后取前k个数；

时间复杂度：O(nlogn)

2、Partition

通过partition找到第k大的数，它的左边就是前k小的数；

时间复杂度：O(n)

3、最大堆

构建k个整数的最大堆数据结构，然后将剩余n-k个整数依次与堆顶比较，大则抛弃，小则删除堆顶并插入，最后的最大堆就是最小的k个整数；

堆是基于二叉树来实现的，因此插入和删除操作都在O(logk)时间内完成。在代码中可以通过STL中的容器来实现，如set，multiset,priority_queue等，都是基于红黑树实现的，所以是排序的。

时间复杂度：O(nlogk)

代码：

1、Partition方法

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int Partition(int* numbers,int start,int end){
    int key=numbers[start];
    int i=start;
    int j=end;
    while(i<j){
        while(i<j && numbers[j]>=key)
            --j;
        if(i<j) numbers[i++]=numbers[j];

        while(i<j && numbers[i]<=key)
            ++i;
        if(i<j) numbers[j--]=numbers[i];
    }
    numbers[i]=key;
    return i;
}

void GetLeastNumbers(int* input,int n,int* output,int k){
    if(input==NULL || output==NULL || k>n || n<=0 || k<=0)
        return;
    int start=0;
    int end=n-1;
    int index=Partition(input,start,end);
    while(index!=k-1){
        if(index>k-1){
            end=index-1;
            index=Partition(input,start,end);
        }
        else{
            start=index+1;
            index=Partition(input,start,end);
        }
    }

    for(int i=0;i<k;i++)
        output[i]=input[i];
}

int main()
{
    int A[]={4,5,1,6,2,7,3,8};
    int len=sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]);
    int k=4;
    GetLeastNumbers(A,len,A,k);

    for(int i=0;i<k;i++)
        cout<<A[i]<<" ";
    cout<<endl;
    return 0;
}

2、最大堆/大顶堆

#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

typedef multiset<int,greater<int> > inSet;
typedef multiset<int,greater<int> >::iterator setIterator;

void GetLeastNumbers_1(const vector<int> &data,inSet &leastNumbers,unsigned int k){
    leastNumbers.clear();

    if(k<1 || data.size()<k)
        return;

    vector<int>::const_iterator it=data.begin();
    for(;it!=data.end();it++){
        if(leastNumbers.size()<k)
            leastNumbers.insert(*it);
        else{
            setIterator iterGreatest=leastNumbers.begin();
            if(*it<*iterGreatest){
                leastNumbers.erase(iterGreatest);
                leastNumbers.insert(*it);
            }
        }
    }
}

int main()
{
    int A[]={4,5,1,6,2,7,3,8};
    int len=sizeof(A)/sizeof(A[0]);
    int k=4;
    vector<int> data(A,A+len);

    inSet leastNumbers;
    GetLeastNumbers_1(data,leastNumbers,k);

    for(setIterator it=leastNumbers.begin();it!=leastNumbers.end();it++)
        cout<<*it<<" ";
    cout<<endl;

    return 0;
}

在线测试OJ：

http://www.nowcoder.com/books/coding-interviews/6a296eb82cf844ca8539b57c23e6e9bf?rp=2

AC代码：

1、Partition方法：

class Solution {
public:
    int Partition(vector<int> &data,int start,int end){
        int key=data[start];
        int i=start;
        int j=end;
        while(i<j){
            while(i<j && data[j]>=key)
                j--;
            if(i<j)
            	data[i++]=data[j];
            while(i<j && data[i]<=key)
                i++;
            if(i<j)
            	data[j--]=data[i];
        }
        data[i]=key;
        return i;
    }

    vector<int> GetLeastNumbers_Solution(vector<int> input, int k) {
        vector<int> output;
        if(k<1 || input.size()<k)
            return output;
        int start=0;
        int end=input.size()-1;
        int index=Partition(input,start,end);
        while(index!=k-1){
            if(index>k-1){
                end=index-1;
                index=Partition(input,start,end);
            }
            else{
                start=index+1;
                index=Partition(input,start,end);
            }
        }

        for(int i=0;i<k;i++)
            output.push_back(input[i]);

        return output;
    }
};

2、大顶堆:multiset

class Solution {
public:
    typedef multiset<int,greater<int> > inSet;
    typedef multiset<int,greater<int> >::iterator inSetIterator;
    vector<int> GetLeastNumbers_Solution(vector<int> input, int k) {
        vector<int> output;
        if(k<1 || input.size()<k)
            return output;

        inSet LeastNumbers;
        for(vector<int>::iterator it=input.begin();it!=input.end();it++){
            if(LeastNumbers.size()<k)
                LeastNumbers.insert(*it);
            else{
                inSetIterator greatest=LeastNumbers.begin();
                if(*it<*greatest){
                    LeastNumbers.erase(*greatest);
                    LeastNumbers.insert(*it);
                }
            }
        }

        for(inSetIterator it=LeastNumbers.begin();it!=LeastNumbers.end();it++)
            output.push_back(*it);

        return output;
    }
};

3、大顶堆：priority_queue

class Solution {
public:
    typedef priority_queue<int,vector<int>,less<int> > PQ;
    vector<int> GetLeastNumbers_Solution(vector<int> input, int k) {
        vector<int> output;
        if(k<1 || input.size()<k)
            return output;

        PQ LeastNumbers;
        for(vector<int>::iterator it=input.begin();it!=input.end();it++){
            if(LeastNumbers.size()<k)
                LeastNumbers.push(*it);
            else{
                int greatest=LeastNumbers.top();
                if(*it<greatest){
                    LeastNumbers.pop();
                    LeastNumbers.push(*it);
                }
            }
        }
        while(!LeastNumbers.empty()){
            output.push_back(LeastNumbers.top());
            LeastNumbers.pop();
        }

        return output;
    }
};