TopHat

What is TopHat?

TopHat is a program that aligns RNA-Seq reads to a genome in order to identify exon-exon splice junctions. It is built on the ultrafast short read mapping program Bowtie. TopHat runs on Linux and OS X.

How does TopHat find junctions?

TopHat can find splice junctions without a reference annotation. By first mapping RNA-Seq reads to the genome, TopHat identifies potential exons, since many RNA-Seq reads will contiguously align to the genome. Using this initial mapping information, TopHat builds a database of possible splice junctions and then maps the reads against these junctions to confirm them.

Short read sequencing machines can currently produce reads 100bp or longer but many exons are shorter than this so they would be missed in the initial mapping. TopHat solves this problem mainly by splitting all input reads into smaller segments which are then mapped independently. The segment alignments are put back together in a final step of the program to produce the end-to-end read alignments.

TopHat generates its database of possible splice junctions from two sources of evidence. The first and strongest source of evidence for a splice junction is when two segments from the same read (for reads of at least 45bp) are mapped at a certain distance on the same genomic sequence or when an internal segment fails to map - again suggesting that such reads are spanning multiple exons. With this approach, "GT-AG", "GC-AG" and "AT-AC" introns will be found ab initio. The second source is pairings of "coverage islands", which are distinct regions of piled up reads in the initial mapping. Neighboring islands are often spliced together in the transcriptome, so TopHat looks for ways to join these with an intron. We only suggest users use this second option (--coverage-search)  for short reads (< 45bp) and with a small number of reads (<= 10 million).  This latter option will only report alignments across "GT-AG" introns