资源池设计模式 (Resource Pool)和数据池的简单实现

本人摘自：http://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/object_pool

Object Pool Design Pattern

Intent

Object pooling can offer a significant performance boost; it is most effective in situations where the cost of initializing a class instance is high, the rate of instantiation of a class is high, and the number of instantiations in use at any one time is low.

Problem

Object pools (otherwise known as resource pools) are used to manage the object caching. A client with access to a Object pool can avoid creating a new Objects by simply asking the pool for one that has already been instantiated instead. Generally the pool will be a growing pool, i.e. the pool itself will create new objects if the pool is empty, or we can have a pool, which restricts the number of objects created.

It is desirable to keep all Reusable objects that are not currently in use in the same object pool so that they can be managed by one coherent policy. To achieve this, the Reusable Pool class is designed to be a singleton class.

Discussion

The Object Pool lets others "check out" objects from its pool, when those objects are no longer needed by their processes, they are returned to the pool in order to be reused.

However, we don't want a process to have to wait for a particular object to be released, so the Object Pool also instantiates new objects as they are required, but must also implement a facility to clean up unused objects periodically.

Structure

The general idea for the Connection Pool pattern is that if instances of a class can be reused, you avoid creating instances of the class by reusing them.

• Reusable -
  Instances of classes in this role collaborate with other objects for a limited amount of time, then they are no longer needed for that collaboration.
• Client -
  Instances of classes in this role use Reusable objects.
• ReusablePool -
  Instances of classes in this role manage Reusable objects for use by Client objects.

Usually, it is desirable to keep all Reusable objects
that are not currently in use in the same object pool so that they can be managed by one coherent policy. To achieve this, theReusablePool
class is designed to be a singleton class. Its constructor(s) are private, which forces other classes to call its getInstance method to get the one instance of the ReusablePoolclass.

A Client object calls a ReusablePool object's acquireReusable method
when it needs aReusable object.
A ReusablePool object
maintains a collection of Reusable objects.
It uses the collection of Reusable objects
to contain a pool of Reusable objects
that are not currently in use.

If there are any Reusable objects
in the pool when the acquireReusable method
is called, it removes a Reusable object
from the pool and returns it. If the pool is empty, then theacquireReusable method
creates a Reusable object
if it can. If the acquireReusable method
cannot create a new Reusable object,
then it waits until a Reusable object
is returned to the collection.

Client objects pass a Reusable object
to a ReusablePool object's releaseReusable method
when they are finished with the object. The releaseReusable method
returns a Reusableobject
to the pool of Reusable objects
that are not in use.

In many applications of the Object Pool pattern, there are reasons for limiting the total number of Reusable objects
that may exist. In such cases, the ReusablePool object
that creates Reusable objects
is responsible for not creating more than a specified maximum number of Reusable objects.
If ReusablePool objects
are responsible for limiting the number of objects they will create, then the ReusablePool class
will have a method for specifying the maximum number of objects to be created. That method is indicated in the above diagram as setMaxPoolSize.

Example

Do you like bowling? If you do, you probably know that you should change your shoes when you getting the bowling club. Shoe shelf is wonderful example of Object Pool. Once you want to play, you'll get your pair (aquireReusable)
from it. After the game, you'll return shoes back to the shelf (releaseReusable).

Check list

1. Create ObjectPool class
   with private array of Objects
   inside
2. Create acquare and release methods
   in ObjectPool class
3. Make sure that your ObjectPool is Singleton

Rules of thumb

• The Factory Method pattern can be used to encapsulate the creation logic for objects. However, it does not manage them after their creation, the object pool pattern keeps track of the objects it creates.
• Object Pools are usually implemented as Singletons.

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下面是详细实现代码，在代码里并没有对设置数据池的最大最小数量、客户端数进行设置，代码的意图在于通过设计一个简单的数据池来表达资源池的概念：

// ObjectPool Class

public abstract class ObjectPool<T> {
  private long expirationTime;

  private Hashtable<T, Long> locked, unlocked;

  public ObjectPool() {
    expirationTime = 30000; // 30 seconds
    locked = new Hashtable<T, Long>();
    unlocked = new Hashtable<T, Long>();
  }

  protected abstract T create();

  public abstract boolean validate(T o);

  public abstract void expire(T o);

  public synchronized T checkOut() {
    long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
    T t;
    if (unlocked.size() > 0) {
      Enumeration<T> e = unlocked.keys();
      while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
        t = e.nextElement();
        if ((now - unlocked.get(t)) > expirationTime) {
          // object has expired
          unlocked.remove(t);
          expire(t);
          t = null;
        } else {
          if (validate(t)) {
            unlocked.remove(t);
            locked.put(t, now);
            return (t);
          } else {
            // object failed validation
            unlocked.remove(t);
            expire(t);
            t = null;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    // no objects available, create a new one
    t = create();
    locked.put(t, now);
    return (t);
  }

  public synchronized void checkIn(T t) {
    locked.remove(t);
    unlocked.put(t, System.currentTimeMillis());
  }
}

//The three remaining methods are abstract
//and therefore must be implemented by the subclass

public class JDBCConnectionPool extends ObjectPool<Connection> {

  private String dsn, usr, pwd;

  public JDBCConnectionPool(String driver, String dsn, String usr, String pwd) {
    super();
    try {
      Class.forName(driver).newInstance();
    } catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
    this.dsn = dsn;
    this.usr = usr;
    this.pwd = pwd;
  }

  @Override
  protected Connection create() {
    try {
      return (DriverManager.getConnection(dsn, usr, pwd));
    } catch (SQLException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      return (null);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void expire(Connection o) {
    try {
      ((Connection) o).close();
    } catch (SQLException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }

  @Override
  public boolean validate(Connection o) {
    try {
      return (!((Connection) o).isClosed());
    } catch (SQLException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
      return (false);
    }
  }
}

JDBCConnectionPool will allow the application to borrow and return database connections:

public class Main {
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    // Do something...
    ...

    // Create the ConnectionPool:
    JDBCConnectionPool pool = new JDBCConnectionPool(
      "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver", "jdbc:hsqldb://localhost/mydb",
      "sa", "secret");

    // Get a connection:
    Connection con = pool.checkOut();

    // Use the connection
    ...

    // Return the connection:
    pool.checkIn(con);

  }
}