python学习之路基础篇(第七篇)
一、模块
configparser
configparser用于处理特定格式的文件，其本质是利用open来对文件进行操作
[section1] # 节点
k1 = v1 # 值
k2:v2 # 值 [section2] # 节点
k1 = v1 # 值
1.获取所有节点
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('content',encoding='utf-8')
ret = config.sections()
print(ret) 程序执行结果如下：
['section1', 'section2']
2.获取指定节点下所有的键值对
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('content',encoding='utf-8')
ret = config.items('section1')
print(ret) 程序运行结果如下：
[('k2', 'v2'), ('k10', '123')] #section1下所有的键值对
3.获取指定节点下所有的键
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('content',encoding='utf-8')
ret = config.options('section1')
print(ret) 程序执行结果如下：
['k2', 'k10']
4.获取指定节点下指定key的值
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('content',encoding='utf-8')
ret = config.get('section1','k1')
print(ret) 程序执行结果如下：
v1
5.检查、删除、添加节点
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('content',encoding='utf-8')
#检查节点是否存在，若存在返回True,不存在返回False
has_sec = config.has_section('section1')
print(has_sec) #添加节点
# config.add_section('section3')
# config.write(open('content','w')) #删除节点
config.remove_section('section3')
config.write(open('content','w'))
6.检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read('content',encoding='utf-8') #检查指定组内的是否存在键值对，若存在返回True,反之返回False
has_opt = config.has_option('section1','k3')
print(has_opt) #删除指定组内的键值对
config.remove_option('section1','k1')
config.write(open('content','w')) #设置指定组内的键值对(向指定组内添加键值对)
config.set('section1','k4','v4')
config.write(open('content','w'))
XML
XML是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，XML文件格式如下
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
1.解析XML
利用ElementTree.XML将字符串解析成xml对象
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
利用ElementTree.parse将文件直接解析成xml对象
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
2、操作XML
XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点，对于每一个节点均有以下功能，以便对当前节点进行操作：
class Element:
"""An XML element. This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface. An element's length is its number of subelements. That means if you
want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH
its length AND its text attribute. The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
bytes or strings. *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing
element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as
keyword arguments. Example form:
<tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail """ 当前节点的标签名
tag = None
"""The element's name.""" 当前节点的属性 attrib = None
"""Dictionary of the element's attributes.""" 当前节点的内容
text = None
"""
Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.
Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either
None or the empty string, depending on the parser. """ tail = None
"""
Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's
start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there
was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,
depending on the parser. """ def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
attrib.__class__.__name__,))
attrib = attrib.copy()
attrib.update(extra)
self.tag = tag
self.attrib = attrib
self._children = [] def __repr__(self):
return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self)) def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):
创建一个新节点
"""Create a new element with the same type. *tag* is a string containing the element name.
*attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes. Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead. """
return self.__class__(tag, attrib) def copy(self):
"""Return copy of current element. This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the
original tree. """
elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)
elem.text = self.text
elem.tail = self.tail
elem[:] = self
return elem def __len__(self):
return len(self._children) def __bool__(self):
warnings.warn(
"The behavior of this method will change in future versions. "
"Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.",
FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now def __getitem__(self, index):
return self._children[index] def __setitem__(self, index, element):
# if isinstance(index, slice):
# for elt in element:
# assert iselement(elt)
# else:
# assert iselement(element)
self._children[index] = element def __delitem__(self, index):
del self._children[index] def append(self, subelement):
为当前节点追加一个子节点
"""Add *subelement* to the end of this element. The new element will appear in document order after the last existing
subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement),
but before the end tag for this element. """
self._assert_is_element(subelement)
self._children.append(subelement) def extend(self, elements):
为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点
"""Append subelements from a sequence. *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements. """
for element in elements:
self._assert_is_element(element)
self._children.extend(elements) def insert(self, index, subelement):
在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置
"""Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
self._assert_is_element(subelement)
self._children.insert(index, subelement) def _assert_is_element(self, e):
# Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
# shadowing C implementation.
if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):
raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__) def remove(self, subelement):
在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点
"""Remove matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on
identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by
other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to
select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update
the parent element. ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found. """
# assert iselement(element)
self._children.remove(subelement) def getchildren(self):
获取所有的子节点（废弃）
"""(Deprecated) Return all subelements. Elements are returned in document order. """
warnings.warn(
"This method will be removed in future versions. "
"Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return self._children def find(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取第一个寻找到的子节点
"""Find first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found. """
return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces) def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):
获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容
"""Find text for first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*default* is the value to return if the element was not found,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return text content of first matching element, or default value if
none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text
content, the empty string is returned. """
return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces) def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取所有的子节点
"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Returns list containing all matching elements in document order. """
return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces) def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环）
"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order. """
return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces) def clear(self):
清空节点
"""Reset element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets
the text and tail attributes to None. """
self.attrib.clear()
self._children = []
self.text = self.tail = None def get(self, key, default=None):
获取当前节点的属性值
"""Get element attribute. Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a
bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and
*default* is what to return if the attribute was not found. Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if
attribute was not found. """
return self.attrib.get(key, default) def set(self, key, value):
为当前节点设置属性值
"""Set element attribute. Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle
this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and
*value* is the attribute value to set it to. """
self.attrib[key] = value def keys(self):
获取当前节点的所有属性的 key """Get list of attribute names. Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary
Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys() """
return self.attrib.keys() def items(self):
获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对
"""Get element attributes as a sequence. The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to
attrib.items(). Return a list of (name, value) tuples. """
return self.attrib.items() def iter(self, tag=None):
在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
"""Create tree iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
order, returning all elements with a matching tag. If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed
elements may or may not be included. To get a stable set, use the
list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list. *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements) Return an iterator containing all the matching elements. """
if tag == "*":
tag = None
if tag is None or self.tag == tag:
yield self
for e in self._children:
yield from e.iter(tag) # compatibility
def getiterator(self, tag=None):
# Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
warnings.warn(
"This method will be removed in future versions. "
"Use 'elem.iter()' or 'list(elem.iter())' instead.",
PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return list(self.iter(tag)) def itertext(self):
在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
"""Create text iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
order, returning all inner text. """
tag = self.tag
if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None:
return
if self.text:
yield self.text
for e in self:
yield from e.itertext()
if e.tail:
yield e.tail
由于每个节点 都具有以上的方法，并且在上一步骤中解析时均得到了root（xml文件的根节点），所以可以利用以上方法进行操作xml文件
a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历XML文档的第二层
for child in root:
# 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性
print(child.tag, child.attrib)
# 遍历XML文档的第三层
for i in child:
# 第二层节点的标签名称和内容
print(i.tag,i.text)
b、遍历XML中指定的节点
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############
"""
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
"""
############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历XML中所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 节点的标签名称和内容
print(node.tag, node.text)
c、修改节点内容
由于修改的节点时，均是在内存中进行，其不会影响文件中的内容。所以，如果想要修改，则需要重新将内存中的内容写到文件。
解析字符串方式，修改，保存
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ # 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 将year节点中的内容自增一
new_year = int(node.text) + 1
node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性
node.set('name', 'alex')
node.set('age', '18')
# 删除属性
del node.attrib['name'] ############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
解析文件方式，修改，保存
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
# 将year节点中的内容自增一
new_year = int(node.text) + 1
node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性
node.set('name', 'alex')
node.set('age', '18')
# 删除属性
del node.attrib['name'] ############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
d、删除节点
解析字符串方式，打开，保存
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############ # 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
# 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
rank = int(country.find('rank').text) if rank > 50:
# 删除指定country节点
root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
解析文件方式，打开，保存
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析文件方式 ############ # 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签
print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点
for country in root.findall('country'):
# 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容
rank = int(country.find('rank').text) if rank > 50:
# 删除指定country节点
root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding='utf-8')
3、创建XML文档
创建方式一：
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式二：
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write('oooo.xml',encoding='utf-8', short_empty_elements=False)
创建方式三：
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"}) # 在大儿子中创建一个孙子
grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={'name': '儿11'})
grandson1.text = '孙子' et = ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)
由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进，如果想要设置缩进的话， 需要修改保存方式：
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
from xml.dom import minidom def prettify(elem):
"""将节点转换成字符串，并添加缩进。
"""
rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, 'utf-8')
reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string)
return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t") # 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element('son', {'name': '儿1'})
son1 = root.makeelement('son', {'name': '儿1'})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element('son', {"name": '儿2'})
son2 = root.makeelement('son', {"name": '儿2'}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿11'})
# grandson2 = ET.Element('grandson', {'name': '儿12'})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement('grandson', {'name': '儿12'}) son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1) raw_str = prettify(root) f = open("xxxoo.xml",'w',encoding='utf-8')
f.write(raw_str)
f.close()
shutil（后续补充相关内容）
zipfile 和 tarfile（后续补充相关内容）
subprocess（后续补充相关内容）
二、面向对象
什么是面向对象
之前我们学习的list dict str sets tuple这些都是类，而我们创建的list1 = [1,2,3,4,]，t1 = ('a','b','c') ，s1 = "hello world"这些都是根据类生成的对象，类的实例化即是对象。
self是什么鬼？
self是一个 python自动会给传值的参数
哪个对象执行方法，self就是谁
obj1.fetch('select ......') self = obj1
obj2.fetch('select ......') self = obj2
构造方法
类中有一个特殊的方法__init__，类()自动执行
面向对象的三大特性：
1.封装
第一种方法：
class SQLHelper:
def __init__(self):
self.host = "www.xin.com"
self.user = "alex"
self.password = "pwd" def fetch(self,sql):
# self.host = "www.xin.com"
# self.user = "alex"
# self.password = "pwd"
print('select')
print(self.hhost)
print(self.uusername)
print(self.pwd)
def create(self,sql):
pass
def remove(self,sql):
pass
def modify(self,sql):
pass obj = SQLHelper()
obj.hhost = "www.xin.com"
obj.uusername = "ershouche"
obj.pwd = "123"
#通过对象执行方法
obj.fetch("select * from A")
第二种方法：
class SQLHelper:
def __init__(self,host,user,pwd):
self.host = host
self.user = user
self.pwd = pwd def fetch(self,sql):
print(self.user,self.host,self.pwd)
print(sql) def create(self,sql):
pass
def remove(self,sql):
pass
def modify(self,sql):
pass obj1 = SQLHelper('www.xin.com','zhangsan',1234)
obj1.fetch('select * from mysql')
obj2 = SQLHelper('jiar.xin.com','zhangsan',12347899)
扩展知识：函数类型可以作为参数进行传递
class c1:
def __init__(self,name,obj):
self.name = name
self.obj = obj class c2:
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name = name
self.age = age def show(self):
print(self.name) class c3:
def __init__(self,al):
self.money = 123
self.aaa = al c2_obj = c2("aa",18)
# c2_obj.show()
c1_obj = c1('alex',c2_obj)
#c1_obj.obj = c2_obj
#print(c1_obj.obj.age) c3_obj = c3(c1_obj) #调用c2的name
print(c3_obj.aaa.obj.name)
#调用c2的show方法
print(c3_obj.aaa.obj.show()) # 程序执行结果：
# aa
# aa
# None
解析：
扩展二：
2.继承(python多继承，其他语言只允许单继承，若子类和父类有相同的方法，自身的方法优先执行)
3.多态
已经学习过的python内置类：str list tuple dict set
python自定义类
python单继承
python多继承
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