Chapter 1.6 : Information Theory     Chapter 1.6 : Information Theory Christopher M. Bishop, PRML, Chapter 1 Introdcution 1. Information h(x) Given a random variable and we ask how much information is received when we observe a specific value for thi…

信息论(Information Theory)是概率论与数理统计的一个分枝.用于信息处理.信息熵.通信系统.数据传输.率失真理论.密码学.信噪比.数据压缩和相关课题.本文主要罗列一些基于熵的概念及其意义,注意本文罗列的所有 $\log$ 都是以 2 为底的. 信息熵 在物理界中熵是描述事物无序性的参数,熵越大则越混乱.类似的在信息论中熵表示随机变量的不确定程度,给定随机变量 X ,其取值 $x_1, x_2, \cdots ,x_m$ ,则信息熵为: \[H(X) =\sum_{i=1}^{m}…

This will be a series of post about Tree model and relevant ensemble method, including but not limited to Random Forest, AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting and xgboost. So I will start with some basic of Information Theory, which is an importance piece in T…

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon In 1948, the promised memorandum appeared as "A Mathematical Theory of Communication," an article in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journal. This work focuses on…

Better intuition for information theory 2019-12-01 21:21:33 Source: https://www.blackhc.net/blog/2019/better-intuition-for-information-theory/ The following blog post is based on Yeung’s beautiful paper “A new outlook on Shannon’s information measure…

这个时代已经是多学科相互渗透的时代,纯粹的传统学科在没落,新兴的交叉学科在不断兴起. life science neurosciences statistics computer science information theory 我的问题很简单: 一个细胞里到底保存了多少信息,复制.转录.翻译过程中传递了多少信息? 神经突触传递信息的上限是多少? 想回答这些问题就必须要学习信息论! 什么是信息? 两个同样的光碟里保存的信息是一样的吗? 人和信息的关系是什么?假设所有人都不存在了,信息还存在吗…

The basic functional cornerstones of Scala: immutable data types, passing of functions as parameters and pattern matching. 1. Basic Pattern Matching In Scala, your cases can include types, wildcards, sequences, regular expressions, and so forth. scal…

Runtime type information(RTTI) allows you to discover and use type information while a program is running. All classes are loaded into the JVM dynamically, upon the first use of a class. This happens when the program makes the first reference to a st…

1. Translating Java Classes to Scala Classes Example 1: # a class declaration in Java public class Book{} # Scala equivalent of a class declaration class Book Example 2: # a Java class with a Construtor public class Book{ private final int isbn; priv…

1. Unified Type System Scala has a unified type system, enclosed by the type Any at the top of the hierarchy and the type Nothing at the bottom of the hierarchy. All Scala types inherit from Any. # Using Any, Book extends AnyRef, and x is an Int that…

A trait provides code reusability in Scala by encapsulating method and state and then offing possibility of mixing them into classes thus allowing code reuse. #define Trait Gliding scala> trait Gliding{ | def gliding(){ println("gliding")} |…

Scala's object-oriented collections support mutable and immutable type hierarchies. Also support functional higher-order operations such as map, filter, and reduce that let you use expression-oriented programming in collections. Higher-order operatio…

1. Functional programming treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical and avoids state and mutable data. Scala encourages an expression-oriented programming(EOP) 1) In expression-oriented programming every statement is an expression. A state…

1. The three principles of OOP are encapsulation(封装性), inheritance(继承性) and polymorphism(多态性). example: class Shape{ def area: Double = 0.0 } # supertype # subtypes class Rectangle(val width: Double, val height: Double) extends Shape{ override def ar…

1. Variables (1) Three ways to define variables: 1) val refers to define an immutable variable; scala> val x = x: Int = scala> x*x res4: Int = scala> res4 + # use result as a value res6: Int = scala> res4 + res6 res7: Int = scala> x = # x i…

TestNG 插件在线安装 Help -> Install New Software -> Add -> Paste TestNG url to Add:  http://testng.org/eclipse-beta -> OK -> Select All -> click Next -> Finished. NOTE: since TestNG Eclipse Plugin 6.9.10, there is a new optional plug-in for…

熵 给定一个离散变量,我们观察它的每一个取值所包含的信息量的大小,因此,我们用来表示信息量的大小,概率分布为.当p(x)=1时,说明这个事件一定会发生,因此,它带给我的信息为0.(因为一定会发生,毫无悬念) 如果x和y独立无关,那么: 他们之间的关系为: (p(x)=1时,h(x)=0,负号为了确保h(x)为正,这里取2为底是随机的,可以取其他的正数(除了1)) 因此,对于所有x的取值,它的熵有: 注:,当遇到时, 这里插一段信息熵的解释: ———————————————————————————…

1. Scala is a contraction of "scalable" and "language". It's a fusion of objected-oritended and functional programming. 2. Compare Book class between Java and Scala Java: class Book{ private String title; private int numberOfPages; pub…

What is an object ? Object = Entity ; Object may be -- visible or -- invisible Object is variable in programming languages. Objects = Attributes + Services What is Object-oriented A way to organize Designs Implementations Objects send messages Messag…

td p { margin-bottom: 0in } p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; line-height: 120% } a:link { } 5.1 printenv view Global variables bash new shell set Global variables and local variables export test Local → Global, so it can be accessed in both subshell and mai…

1. view the default user account SQL> select username from dba_users; 2. lock all users and set their password to expired SQL> select ‘alter user ‘|| username || ‘ password expire account lock;’ from dba_users; 3. A locked user can only be accessed…

1.how to create a tablespace that employs the most common features create tablespace tb_name #create bigfile tablespace tb_name datafile ‘/u01/dbfile/orcl/tb_name.dbf’ size 100m autoextend on maxsize 1000m #don’t recommend use the AUTOEXTEND feature.…

There are, however, some disadvantages.However, there may be better ways of tacking this problem. However, the reverse is also true. ===== People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in ge…

Basics of Probability Probability density function (pdf). Let X be a continuous random variable. Then a probability distribution or probability density function (pdf) of X is a function f(x) such that any two numbers a and b with That is, the probabi…

最近在学C语言,看好这本C Primer Plus,看到第九章了,记录一下第一章目录. 第一章 初识C语言 C语言的起源 选择C语言的理由 设计特性 高效性 可移植性 强大而灵活 面向程序员 缺点 C语言的应用范围 计算机能做什么 高级计算机语言和编译器 语言标准 第1个ANSI/ISO C标准 C99标准 C11标准 使用C语言的7个步骤 定义程序目标 设计程序 编写代码 编译 运行程序 测试和调试程序 维护和修改程序 说明 编程机制 目标代码文件.可执行文件和库 UNIX系统 在UNIX系统…

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参考: 模式识别与机器学习(一):概率论.决策论.信息论 Decision Theory - Principles and Approaches 英文图书 What are the best beginners books about decision theory? - Quora Statistical Decision Theory 了解一些AI方面的前沿知识!!! 待续~…

Deep Learning中会接触到的关于Info Theory的一些基本概念.…