LFS（Linux From Scratch）构建过程全记录（一）：准备工作

写在前面

本人修学了一门课，名曰《操作系统课程设计》，其任务为基于LFS以编译源代码的方式制作一个基本的Linux操作系统，并且编写在linux下的GUI软件。

本操作系统构建的全过程将分为若干章节，在我的博客中进行记录。

基本配置信息

物理机操作系统： Windows 10  ， 操作系统内部版本19043.1889

物理机配置： I5-1135G7，16G LPDDR4， 512G SSD

虚拟机版本： Vmware WorkStation Pro 16.2.3 build-19376536

虚拟机操作系统： Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

虚拟机配置： 4核 4GB内存 20GB磁盘

 环境准备

在LFS-BOOK-11.2中，提到了需要进行一系列的插件的版本准备

需要进行检查的插件及其版本如下：

 1 • Bash-3.2 (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)
 2 • Binutils-2.13.1 (Versions greater than 2.39 are not recommended as they have not been tested)
 3 • Bison-2.7 (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison)
 4 • Coreutils-6.9
 5 • Diffutils-2.8.1
 6 • Findutils-4.2.31
 7 • Gawk-4.0.1 (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)
 8 • GCC-4.8 including the C++ compiler, g++ (Versions greater than 12.2.0 are not recommended as they have not
 9 been tested). C and C++ standard libraries (with headers) must also be present so the C++ compiler can build
10 hosted programs
11 • Grep-2.5.1a
12 • Gzip-1.3.12
13 • Linux Kernel-3.2
14 The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we specify that version when building glibc in Chapter 5 and
15 Chapter 8, at the recommendation of the developers. It is also required by udev.
16 If the host kernel is earlier than 3.2 you will need to replace the kernel with a more up to date version. There
17 are two ways you can go about this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 3.2 or later kernel package. If so,
18 you may wish to install it. If your vendor doesn't offer an acceptable kernel package, or you would prefer not to
19 install it, you can compile a kernel yourself. Instructions for compiling the kernel and configuring the boot loader
20 (assuming the host uses GRUB) are located in Chapter 10.
21 • M4-1.4.10
22 • Make-4.0
23 • Patch-2.5.4
24 • Perl-5.8.8
25 • Python-3.4
26 • Sed-4.1.5
27 • Tar-1.22
28 • Texinfo-4.7
29 • Xz-5.0.0

在LFS-BOOK中，它贴心地准备了一个用于版本检查的bash脚本

我们打开终端，直接在终端中粘贴下面的脚本，按下回车即可自动执行

 1 cat > version-check.sh << "EOF"
 2 #!/bin/bash
 3 # Simple script to list version numbers of critical development tools
 4 export LC_ALL=C
 5 bash --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2-4
 6 MYSH=$(readlink -f /bin/sh)
 7 echo "/bin/sh -> $MYSH"
 8 echo $MYSH | grep -q bash || echo "ERROR: /bin/sh does not point to bash"
 9 unset MYSH
10 echo -n "Binutils: "; ld --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f3-
11 bison --version | head -n1
12 if [ -h /usr/bin/yacc ]; then
13  echo "/usr/bin/yacc -> `readlink -f /usr/bin/yacc`";
14 elif [ -x /usr/bin/yacc ]; then
15  echo yacc is `/usr/bin/yacc --version | head -n1`
16 else
17  echo "yacc not found"
18 fi
19 echo -n "Coreutils: "; chown --version | head -n1 | cut -d")" -f2
20 diff --version | head -n1
21 find --version | head -n1
22 gawk --version | head -n1
23 if [ -h /usr/bin/awk ]; then
24  echo "/usr/bin/awk -> `readlink -f /usr/bin/awk`";
25 elif [ -x /usr/bin/awk ]; then
26  echo awk is `/usr/bin/awk --version | head -n1`
27 else
28  echo "awk not found"
29 fi
30 gcc --version | head -n1
31 g++ --version | head -n1
32 grep --version | head -n1
33 gzip --version | head -n1
34 cat /proc/version
35 m4 --version | head -n1
36 make --version | head -n1
37 patch --version | head -n1
38 echo Perl `perl -V:version`
39 python3 --version
40 sed --version | head -n1
41 tar --version | head -n1
42 makeinfo --version | head -n1 # texinfo version
43 xz --version | head -n1
44 echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c && g++ -o dummy dummy.c
45 if [ -x dummy ]
46  then echo "g++ compilation OK";
47  else echo "g++ compilation failed"; fi
48 rm -f dummy.c dummy
49 EOF
50 bash version-check.sh

运行后，我的输出如下：

 1 alphainf@ubuntu:~$ bash version-check.sh
 2 bash, version 4.3.48(1)-release
 3 /bin/sh -> /bin/dash
 4 ERROR: /bin/sh does not point to bash
 5 Binutils: (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.26.1
 6 version-check.sh: line 10: bison: command not found
 7 yacc not found
 8 Coreutils:  8.25
 9 diff (GNU diffutils) 3.3
10 find (GNU findutils) 4.7.0-git
11 version-check.sh: line 21: gawk: command not found
12 /usr/bin/awk -> /usr/bin/mawk
13 gcc (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12) 5.4.0 20160609
14 g++ (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12) 5.4.0 20160609
15 grep (GNU grep) 2.25
16 gzip 1.6
17 Linux version 4.15.0-112-generic (buildd@lcy01-amd64-021) (gcc version 5.4.0 20160609 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12)) #113~16.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jul 10 04:37:08 UTC 2020
18 version-check.sh: line 34: m4: command not found
19 GNU Make 4.1
20 GNU patch 2.7.5
21 Perl version='5.22.1';
22 Python 3.5.2
23 sed (GNU sed) 4.2.2
24 tar (GNU tar) 1.28
25 version-check.sh: line 41: makeinfo: command not found
26 xz (XZ Utils) 5.1.0alpha
27 g++ compilation OK

经过对比，我们发现存在以下的问题

1、 /bin/sh -> /bin/dash     ERROR: /bin/sh does not point to bash

shell脚本未指向bash而是指向dash

sudo ln -sf bash /bin/sh

2、bison: command not found（bison是属于 GNU 项目的一个语法分析器生成器）

sudo apt-get install bison

注意：在安装bison期间，m4会自动被完成安装

3、gawk not found （linux下查找替换文本工具）

sudo apt-get install gawk

4、makeinfo:command not found

sudo apt-get install texinfo

完成上述修改后，我们运行一下指令进行检查

bash version-check.sh

输出如下：

bash, version 4.3.48(1)-release
/bin/sh -> /bin/bash
Binutils: (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.26.1
bison (GNU Bison) 3.0.4
/usr/bin/yacc -> /usr/bin/bison.yacc
Coreutils:  8.25
diff (GNU diffutils) 3.3
find (GNU findutils) 4.7.0-git
GNU Awk 4.1.3, API: 1.1 (GNU MPFR 3.1.4, GNU MP 6.1.0)
/usr/bin/awk -> /usr/bin/gawk
gcc (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12) 5.4.0 20160609
g++ (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12) 5.4.0 20160609
grep (GNU grep) 2.25
gzip 1.6
Linux version 4.15.0-112-generic (buildd@lcy01-amd64-021) (gcc version 5.4.0 20160609 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12)) #113~16.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jul 10 04:37:08 UTC 2020
m4 (GNU M4) 1.4.17
GNU Make 4.1
GNU patch 2.7.5
Perl version='5.22.1';
Python 3.5.2
sed (GNU sed) 4.2.2
tar (GNU tar) 1.28
texi2any (GNU texinfo) 6.1
xz (XZ Utils) 5.1.0alpha
g++ compilation OK

经确认，软件版本无误

为了方便进行回滚，记得保存快照