fork(2): create child process - Linux man page https://linux.die.net/man/2/fork

fork(2) - Linux man page

Name

fork - create a child process

Synopsis

#include <unistd.h>

pid_t fork(void);

Description

 

fork() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The new process, referred to as the child, is an exact duplicate of the calling process, referred to as the parent, except for the following points:

*
The child has its own unique process ID, and this PID does not match the ID of any existing process group (setpgid(2)).
*
The child's parent process ID is the same as the parent's process ID.
*
The child does not inherit its parent's memory locks (mlock(2)mlockall(2)).
*
Process resource utilizations (getrusage(2)) and CPU time counters (times(2)) are reset to zero in the child.
*
The child's set of pending signals is initially empty (sigpending(2)).
*
The child does not inherit semaphore adjustments from its parent (semop(2)).
*
The child does not inherit record locks from its parent (fcntl(2)).
*
The child does not inherit timers from its parent (setitimer(2)alarm(2)timer_create(2)).
*
The child does not inherit outstanding asynchronous I/O operations from its parent (aio_read(3)aio_write(3)), nor does it inherit any asynchronous I/O contexts from its parent (see io_setup(2)).

The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in POSIX.1-2001. The parent and child also differ with respect to the following Linux-specific process attributes:

*
The child does not inherit directory change notifications (dnotify) from its parent (see the description of F_NOTIFY in fcntl(2)).
*
The prctl(2) PR_SET_PDEATHSIG setting is reset so that the child does not receive a signal when its parent terminates.
*
The default timer slack value is set to the parent's current timer slack value. See the description of PR_SET_TIMERSLACK in prctl(2).
*
Memory mappings that have been marked with the madvise(2) MADV_DONTFORK flag are not inherited across a fork().
*
The termination signal of the child is always SIGCHLD (see clone(2)).
*
The port access permission bits set by ioperm(2) are not inherited by the child; the child must turn on any bits that it requires using ioperm(2).

Note the following further points:

*
The child process is created with a single thread--the one that called fork(). The entire virtual address space of the parent is replicated in the child, including the states of mutexes, condition variables, and other pthreads objects; the use of pthread_atfork(3) may be helpful for dealing with problems that this can cause.
*
The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open file descriptors. Each file descriptor in the child refers to the same open file description (see open(2)) as the corresponding file descriptor in the parent. This means that the two descriptors share open file status flags, current file offset, and signal-driven I/O attributes (see the description of F_SETOWN and F_SETSIG in fcntl(2)).
*
The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open message queue descriptors (see mq_overview(7)). Each descriptor in the child refers to the same open message queue description as the corresponding descriptor in the parent. This means that the two descriptors share the same flags (mq_flags).
*
The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open directory streams (see opendir(3)). POSIX.1-2001 says that the corresponding directory streams in the parent and child may share the directory stream positioning; on Linux/glibc they do not.

Return Value

On success, the PID of the child process is returned in the parent, and 0 is returned in the child. On failure, -1 is returned in the parent, no child process is created, and errno is set appropriately.

Errors

EAGAIN
fork() cannot allocate sufficient memory to copy the parent's page tables and allocate a task structure for the child.
EAGAIN
It was not possible to create a new process because the caller's RLIMIT_NPROC resource limit was encountered. To exceed this limit, the process must have either the CAP_SYS_ADMIN or the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability.
ENOMEM
fork() failed to allocate the necessary kernel structures because memory is tight.
ENOSYS
fork() is not supported on this platform (for example, hardware without a Memory-Management Unit).

Conforming to

SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.

Notes

Under Linux, fork() is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the only penalty that it incurs is the time and memory required to duplicate the parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure for the child.

Since version 2.3.3, rather than invoking the kernel's fork() system call, the glibc fork() wrapper that is provided as part of the NPTL threading implementation invokes clone(2) with flags that provide the same effect as the traditional system call. (A call to fork() is equivalent to a call to clone(2) specifying flags as just SIGCHLD.) The glibc wrapper invokes any fork handlers that have been established using pthread_atfork(3).

Example

See pipe(2) and wait(2).

See Also

clone(2)execve(2)exit(2)setrlimit(2)unshare(2)vfork(2)wait(2)daemon(3)capabilities(7),credentials(7)

Referenced By

atexit(3), chdir(2), chroot(2), collectd-exec(5), core(5), cpuset(7), csh(1), dbpmda(1), dc_client(1),dc_ctx_new(2), dkim-filter(8), dkim-filter.conf(5), epic(1), epoll(7), eventfd(2), exec(3), explain(1),explain(3), explain_fork(3), explain_fork_or_die(3), faxq(8), fetchnews(8), fio(1), flock(2),forkpty(3), getitimer(2), getpid(2), getrlimit(2), gettid(2), halockrun(1), hylafax-log(5),ibv_fork_init(3), inn.conf(5), iopl(2), iv_signal(3), ksh93(1), lseek(2), ltrace(1), mmap(2), mount(2),mpadvise(3), nice(2), on_exit(3), opendkim(8), opendkim.conf(5), pam_end(3), perlfunc(1),pipe(7), pmcd(1), popen(3), proc(5), pth(3), pthreads(7), ptrace(2), sched_getaffinity(2),sched_setscheduler(2), sec(1), select_tut(2), sem_init(3), set_mempolicy(2), setns(2), setpgrp(2),setpriority(2), setsid(2), shmat(2), sigaction(2), sigaltstack(2), signal(7), signalfd(2),sigprocmask(2), smartd(8), smartd.conf(5), strace(1), sudo(8), syslogd(8), system(3),timerfd_create(2), umask(2), wait4(2), xargs(1)

 
 

pid 22288  通过

cmd_ = 'python {}{}{} {} {} '.format(this_file_abs_path, os.sep, py, dateFrom, dateEnd)

产生 pid 4422

[root@d Polly]# cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.10.0-123.9.3.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.2 20140120 (Red Hat 4.8.2-16) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Nov 6 15:06:03 UTC 2014
[root@d Polly]# tree /proc/22288/
/proc/22288/
├── attr
│   ├── current
│   ├── exec
│   ├── fscreate
│   ├── keycreate
│   ├── prev
│   └── sockcreate
├── autogroup
├── auxv
├── cgroup
├── clear_refs
├── cmdline
├── comm
├── coredump_filter
├── cpuset
├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
├── environ
├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
├── fd
│   ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│   ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
├── fdinfo
│   ├── 0
│   ├── 1
│   └── 2
├── gid_map
├── io
├── limits
├── loginuid
├── maps
├── mem
├── mountinfo
├── mounts
├── mountstats
├── net
│   ├── anycast6
│   ├── arp
│   ├── connector
│   ├── dev
│   ├── dev_mcast
│   ├── dev_snmp6
│   │   ├── eth0
│   │   ├── eth1
│   │   └── lo
│   ├── fib_trie
│   ├── fib_triestat
│   ├── icmp
│   ├── if_inet6
│   ├── igmp
│   ├── igmp6
│   ├── ip6_flowlabel
│   ├── ip6_mr_cache
│   ├── ip6_mr_vif
│   ├── ip_mr_cache
│   ├── ip_mr_vif
│   ├── ip_tables_matches
│   ├── ip_tables_names
│   ├── ip_tables_targets
│   ├── ipv6_route
│   ├── mcfilter
│   ├── mcfilter6
│   ├── netfilter
│   │   └── nf_log
│   ├── netlink
│   ├── netstat
│   ├── packet
│   ├── protocols
│   ├── psched
│   ├── ptype
│   ├── raw
│   ├── raw6
│   ├── route
│   ├── rpc
│   │   ├── auth.unix.gid
│   │   │   ├── channel
│   │   │   ├── content
│   │   │   └── flush
│   │   └── auth.unix.ip
│   │   ├── channel
│   │   ├── content
│   │   └── flush
│   ├── rt6_stats
│   ├── rt_acct
│   ├── rt_cache
│   ├── snmp
│   ├── snmp6
│   ├── sockstat
│   ├── sockstat6
│   ├── softnet_stat
│   ├── stat
│   │   ├── arp_cache
│   │   ├── ndisc_cache
│   │   └── rt_cache
│   ├── tcp
│   ├── tcp6
│   ├── udp
│   ├── udp6
│   ├── udplite
│   ├── udplite6
│   ├── unix
│   ├── wireless
│   └── xfrm_stat
├── ns
│   ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│   ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│   ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│   ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│   └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
├── numa_maps
├── oom_adj
├── oom_score
├── oom_score_adj
├── pagemap
├── personality
├── projid_map
├── root -> /
├── sched
├── sessionid
├── smaps
├── stack
├── stat
├── statm
├── status
├── syscall
├── task
│   └── 22288
│   ├── attr
│   │   ├── current
│   │   ├── exec
│   │   ├── fscreate
│   │   ├── keycreate
│   │   ├── prev
│   │   └── sockcreate
│   ├── auxv
│   ├── cgroup
│   ├── clear_refs
│   ├── cmdline
│   ├── comm
│   ├── cpuset
│   ├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
│   ├── environ
│   ├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
│   ├── fd
│   │   ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│   │   ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   │   └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   ├── fdinfo
│   │   ├── 0
│   │   ├── 1
│   │   └── 2
│   ├── gid_map
│   ├── io
│   ├── limits
│   ├── loginuid
│   ├── maps
│   ├── mem
│   ├── mountinfo
│   ├── mounts
│   ├── ns
│   │   ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│   │   ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│   │   ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│   │   ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│   │   └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
│   ├── numa_maps
│   ├── oom_adj
│   ├── oom_score
│   ├── oom_score_adj
│   ├── pagemap
│   ├── personality
│   ├── projid_map
│   ├── root -> /
│   ├── sched
│   ├── sessionid
│   ├── smaps
│   ├── stack
│   ├── stat
│   ├── statm
│   ├── status
│   ├── syscall
│   ├── uid_map
│   └── wchan
├── uid_map
└── wchan

21 directories, 164 files
[root@d Polly]#

注意  pid -> pid:[4026531836]

[root@d Polly]# tree /proc/4422
/proc/4422
├── attr
│   ├── current
│   ├── exec
│   ├── fscreate
│   ├── keycreate
│   ├── prev
│   └── sockcreate
├── autogroup
├── auxv
├── cgroup
├── clear_refs
├── cmdline
├── comm
├── coredump_filter
├── cpuset
├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
├── environ
├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
├── fd
│   ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│   ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   ├── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   └── 3 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/a/visit-2018-12-12
├── fdinfo
│   ├── 0
│   ├── 1
│   ├── 2
│   └── 3
├── gid_map
├── io
├── limits
├── loginuid
├── maps
├── mem
├── mountinfo
├── mounts
├── mountstats
├── net
│   ├── anycast6
│   ├── arp
│   ├── connector
│   ├── dev
│   ├── dev_mcast
│   ├── dev_snmp6
│   │   ├── eth0
│   │   ├── eth1
│   │   └── lo
│   ├── fib_trie
│   ├── fib_triestat
│   ├── icmp
│   ├── if_inet6
│   ├── igmp
│   ├── igmp6
│   ├── ip6_flowlabel
│   ├── ip6_mr_cache
│   ├── ip6_mr_vif
│   ├── ip_mr_cache
│   ├── ip_mr_vif
│   ├── ip_tables_matches
│   ├── ip_tables_names
│   ├── ip_tables_targets
│   ├── ipv6_route
│   ├── mcfilter
│   ├── mcfilter6
│   ├── netfilter
│   │   └── nf_log
│   ├── netlink
│   ├── netstat
│   ├── packet
│   ├── protocols
│   ├── psched
│   ├── ptype
│   ├── raw
│   ├── raw6
│   ├── route
│   ├── rpc
│   │   ├── auth.unix.gid
│   │   │   ├── channel
│   │   │   ├── content
│   │   │   └── flush
│   │   └── auth.unix.ip
│   │   ├── channel
│   │   ├── content
│   │   └── flush
│   ├── rt6_stats
│   ├── rt_acct
│   ├── rt_cache
│   ├── snmp
│   ├── snmp6
│   ├── sockstat
│   ├── sockstat6
│   ├── softnet_stat
│   ├── stat
│   │   ├── arp_cache
│   │   ├── ndisc_cache
│   │   └── rt_cache
│   ├── tcp
│   ├── tcp6
│   ├── udp
│   ├── udp6
│   ├── udplite
│   ├── udplite6
│   ├── unix
│   ├── wireless
│   └── xfrm_stat
├── ns
│   ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│   ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│   ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│   ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│   └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
├── numa_maps
├── oom_adj
├── oom_score
├── oom_score_adj
├── pagemap
├── personality
├── projid_map
├── root -> /
├── sched
├── sessionid
├── smaps
├── stack
├── stat
├── statm
├── status
├── syscall
├── task
│   └── 4422
│   ├── attr
│   │   ├── current
│   │   ├── exec
│   │   ├── fscreate
│   │   ├── keycreate
│   │   ├── prev
│   │   └── sockcreate
│   ├── auxv
│   ├── cgroup
│   ├── clear_refs
│   ├── cmdline
│   ├── comm
│   ├── cpuset
│   ├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
│   ├── environ
│   ├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
│   ├── fd
│   │   ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│   │   ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   │   ├── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   │   └── 3 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/a/visit-2018-12-12
│   ├── fdinfo
│   │   ├── 0
│   │   ├── 1
│   │   ├── 2
│   │   └── 3
│   ├── gid_map
│   ├── io
│   ├── limits
│   ├── loginuid
│   ├── maps
│   ├── mem
│   ├── mountinfo
│   ├── mounts
│   ├── ns
│   │   ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│   │   ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│   │   ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│   │   ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│   │   └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
│   ├── numa_maps
│   ├── oom_adj
│   ├── oom_score
│   ├── oom_score_adj
│   ├── pagemap
│   ├── personality
│   ├── projid_map
│   ├── root -> /
│   ├── sched
│   ├── sessionid
│   ├── smaps
│   ├── stack
│   ├── stat
│   ├── statm
│   ├── status
│   ├── syscall
│   ├── uid_map
│   └── wchan
├── uid_map
└── wchan

21 directories, 168 files
[root@d Polly]# tree /proc/22288
/proc/22288
├── attr
│   ├── current
│   ├── exec
│   ├── fscreate
│   ├── keycreate
│   ├── prev
│   └── sockcreate
├── autogroup
├── auxv
├── cgroup
├── clear_refs
├── cmdline
├── comm
├── coredump_filter
├── cpuset
├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
├── environ
├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
├── fd
│   ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│   ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
├── fdinfo
│   ├── 0
│   ├── 1
│   └── 2
├── gid_map
├── io
├── limits
├── loginuid
├── maps
├── mem
├── mountinfo
├── mounts
├── mountstats
├── net
│   ├── anycast6
│   ├── arp
│   ├── connector
│   ├── dev
│   ├── dev_mcast
│   ├── dev_snmp6
│   │   ├── eth0
│   │   ├── eth1
│   │   └── lo
│   ├── fib_trie
│   ├── fib_triestat
│   ├── icmp
│   ├── if_inet6
│   ├── igmp
│   ├── igmp6
│   ├── ip6_flowlabel
│   ├── ip6_mr_cache
│   ├── ip6_mr_vif
│   ├── ip_mr_cache
│   ├── ip_mr_vif
│   ├── ip_tables_matches
│   ├── ip_tables_names
│   ├── ip_tables_targets
│   ├── ipv6_route
│   ├── mcfilter
│   ├── mcfilter6
│   ├── netfilter
│   │   └── nf_log
│   ├── netlink
│   ├── netstat
│   ├── packet
│   ├── protocols
│   ├── psched
│   ├── ptype
│   ├── raw
│   ├── raw6
│   ├── route
│   ├── rpc
│   │   ├── auth.unix.gid
│   │   │   ├── channel
│   │   │   ├── content
│   │   │   └── flush
│   │   └── auth.unix.ip
│   │   ├── channel
│   │   ├── content
│   │   └── flush
│   ├── rt6_stats
│   ├── rt_acct
│   ├── rt_cache
│   ├── snmp
│   ├── snmp6
│   ├── sockstat
│   ├── sockstat6
│   ├── softnet_stat
│   ├── stat
│   │   ├── arp_cache
│   │   ├── ndisc_cache
│   │   └── rt_cache
│   ├── tcp
│   ├── tcp6
│   ├── udp
│   ├── udp6
│   ├── udplite
│   ├── udplite6
│   ├── unix
│   ├── wireless
│   └── xfrm_stat
├── ns
│   ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│   ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│   ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│   ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│   └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
├── numa_maps
├── oom_adj
├── oom_score
├── oom_score_adj
├── pagemap
├── personality
├── projid_map
├── root -> /
├── sched
├── sessionid
├── smaps
├── stack
├── stat
├── statm
├── status
├── syscall
├── task
│   └── 22288
│   ├── attr
│   │   ├── current
│   │   ├── exec
│   │   ├── fscreate
│   │   ├── keycreate
│   │   ├── prev
│   │   └── sockcreate
│   ├── auxv
│   ├── cgroup
│   ├── clear_refs
│   ├── cmdline
│   ├── comm
│   ├── cpuset
│   ├── cwd -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO
│   ├── environ
│   ├── exe -> /root/anaconda3/bin/python3.5
│   ├── fd
│   │   ├── 0 -> /dev/null
│   │   ├── 1 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   │   └── 2 -> /data/mapReduceVisitorLog/mapReduceLogAUTO/nohup.out
│   ├── fdinfo
│   │   ├── 0
│   │   ├── 1
│   │   └── 2
│   ├── gid_map
│   ├── io
│   ├── limits
│   ├── loginuid
│   ├── maps
│   ├── mem
│   ├── mountinfo
│   ├── mounts
│   ├── ns
│   │   ├── ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
│   │   ├── mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
│   │   ├── net -> net:[4026531956]
│   │   ├── pid -> pid:[4026531836]
│   │   └── uts -> uts:[4026531838]
│   ├── numa_maps
│   ├── oom_adj
│   ├── oom_score
│   ├── oom_score_adj
│   ├── pagemap
│   ├── personality
│   ├── projid_map
│   ├── root -> /
│   ├── sched
│   ├── sessionid
│   ├── smaps
│   ├── stack
│   ├── stat
│   ├── statm
│   ├── status
│   ├── syscall
│   ├── uid_map
│   └── wchan
├── uid_map
└── wchan

21 directories, 164 files
[root@d Polly]#

 

fork(2) - Linux man page的更多相关文章

  1. #include <sys/epoll.h> epoll - I/O event notification facility 服务器端 epoll(7) - Linux manual page http://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/epoll.7.html

    epoll使用详解(精髓) - Boblim - 博客园 https://www.cnblogs.com/fnlingnzb-learner/p/5835573.html epoll使用详解(精髓) ...

  2. mkbundle(1) - Linux man page

    mkbundle(1) - Linux man page Name mkbundle, mkbundle2 - Creates a bundled executable. Synopsis mkbun ...

  3. Linux - man page

    使用man date来查看date命令的详细信息. lucifer@lucifer-virtual-machine:~$ man date DATE(1) User Commands DATE(1) ...

  4. 1 多任务fork Unix/Linux/Mac

    # 注意,fork函数,只在Unix/Linux/Mac上运行,windows不可以 1.如下程序,来模拟“唱歌跳舞”这件事情 #-*- coding:utf-8 -*- import time de ...

  5. Linux的page cache使用情况/命中率查看和操控

    转载自宋宝华:https://blog.csdn.net/21cnbao/article/details/80458173 这里总结几个Linux文件缓存(page cache)使用情况.命中率查看的 ...

  6. dhcpd.conf(5) - Linux man page

    http://linux.die.net/man/5/dhcpd.conf Name dhcpd.conf - dhcpd configuration file Description   The d ...

  7. linux 排查page的状态问题

    最近遇到一个page的释放异常的问题,堆栈如下: [ 1000.691858] BUG: Bad page state in process server.o pfn:309d22 [ mapcoun ...

  8. 谨慎使用多线程中的fork 学习!!!!

    前言 在单核时代,大家所编写的程序都是单进程/单线程程序.随着计算机硬件技术的发展,进入了多核时代后,为了降低响应时间,重复充分利用多核cpu的资源,使用多进程编程的手段逐渐被人们接受和掌握.然而因为 ...

  9. CS:APP3e 深入理解计算机系统_3e ShellLab(tsh)实验

    详细的题目要求和资源可以到 http://csapp.cs.cmu.edu/3e/labs.html 或者 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~./213/schedule.html 获取. ...

随机推荐

  1. (转)如何基于FFMPEG和SDL写一个少于1000行代码的视频播放器

    原文地址:http://www.dranger.com/ffmpeg/ FFMPEG是一个很好的库,可以用来创建视频应用或者生成特定的工具.FFMPEG几乎为你把所有的繁重工作都做了,比如解码.编码. ...

  2. 查看CentOS的网络带宽出口

    检查维护系统的时候,经常会要查看服务器的网络端口是多大的,所以需要用到Linux的一个命令. 如何查看CentOS的网络带宽出口多大?可以用下面的命令来查看. # ethtool eth0 前面是命令 ...

  3. (转)JavaScript内存模型

    JavaScript对象内存模型 转自:http://blog.csdn.net/u010425776/article/details/53617292  推荐-JavaScript作用域链内存模型: ...

  4. 【Rmarkdown rmysql】

    http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21167070/how-to-query-multiple-times-and-close-the-connection-at- ...

  5. retinex相关代码汇总

    混合方法 SSR.m matlab代码,本来是RGB,改成了处理灰度图像的. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%RGB normalisation%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %its c ...

  6. 【观点】“马云:金融是要为外行人服务",这个观点其实并不新鲜

    不久前,马云在外滩国际金融峰会演讲,称金融行业需要“搅局者”.他说:“今天的金融,确实做得不错,没有今天这样的金融机构,中国的经济30年来不可能发展到今天,但是靠今天银行的机制,我不相信能支撑30年以 ...

  7. web开发中的安全问题

    web开发中很多东西由前段来负责判断,比如常见的邮箱 电话号码,前端判断到不是一个正确的格式,在你点击提交时候提示你格式填错了,然后不请求后端php,直到你填写正确的格式为止.这种其实可以修改js或者 ...

  8. VS2015编译GDAL2.2.1源码

    下载完GDAL2.2.1,你会发现这货没有CMakeLists.txt,对于我这样的只会用CMake GUI的货来说,着实很难过. 需要用VS带的nmake来生成.sln 管理员身份启动VS2015命 ...

  9. 编写一个读写倾斜测量数据.s3c文件格式的OSG插件osgdb_s3c

    VS新建一个空的DLL工程 ReaderWriterS3C.cpp源文件 #include <osg/Notify> #include <osgDB/FileNameUtils> ...

  10. saltstack安装

    环境: 172.16.202.104 stack-master 172.16.202.108 stack-node01 172.16.202.105 stack-node02 安装 导入yum源认证的 ...