写一个scrapy中间件--ip代理池

middleware文件

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Define here the models for your spider middleware
# See documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

import random
from scrapy import signals

class TutorialDownloaderMiddleware(object):
    # Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
    # scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
    # passed objects.

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
        # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
        s = cls()
        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        return s

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
        # middleware.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this request
        # - or return a Response object
        # - or return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
        #   installed downloader middleware will be called
        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # Called with the response returned from the downloader.

        # Must either;
        # - return a Response object
        # - return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
        # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this exception
        # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
        # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
        pass

    def spider_opened(self, spider):
        spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

# 创建一个中间件     ip代理池
from collections import defaultdict
from scrapy.exceptions import NotConfigured
class RandomProxyMiddleware(object):

    def __init__(self, settings):
        # 第三步 初始化配置和变量
        # 在settings中写一个 PROXIES 列表配置
        # 从settings中把代理读进来（把环境变量读进来）
        self.proxies = settings.getlist("PROXIES")
        self.stats = defaultdict(int)  # 默认值是0    统计次数
        self.max_failed = 3  # 请求最多不超过3次

    @classmethod
    def from_cralwer(cls, crawler):
        # 第一步 创建中间件对象
        # 首先获取配置 HTTPPROXY_ENABLED 看看是否启用代理，
        if not crawler.settings.getbool("HTTPPROXY_ENABLED"):  # 如果没有启用代理
            raise NotConfigured
        # auth_encoding = crawler.settings.get("HTTPPROXY_AUTH_ENCODING")  # 读取配置，这里暂时不用
        # 第二步
        return cls(crawler.settings)  # cls（）实际调用的是 init()函数，如果init接受参数，cls就需要参数

    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # 第四步 为每个request对象随机分配一个ip代理
        # 让这个请求使用代理                       初始url不使用代理ip
        if self.proxies and not request.meta.get("proxy") and request.url not in spider.start_urls:
            request.meta["proxy"] = random.choice(self.proxies)
　　　　　　

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # 第五步： 请求成功
        cur_proxy = request.meta.get('proxy')
        # 判断是否被对方禁封
        if response.status > 400:
            # 给相应的ip失败次数 +1
            self.stats[cur_proxy] += 1
            print("当前ip{}，第{}次出现错误状态码".format(cur_proxy, self.stats[cur_proxy]))
        # 当某个ip的失败次数累计到一定数量
        if self.stats[cur_proxy] >= self.max_failed:  # 当前ip失败超过3次
            print("当前状态码是{}，代理{}可能被封了".format(response.status, cur_proxy))
            # 可以认为该ip被对方封了，从代理池中删除这个ip
            self.remove_proxy(cur_proxy)
            del request.meta['proxy']
            # 将这个请求重新给调度器，重新下载
            return request

        # 状态码正常的时候，正常返回
        return response

    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # 第五步：请求失败
        cur_proxy = request.meta.get('proxy')   # 取出当前代理
        from twisted.internet.error import ConnectionRefusedError, TimeoutError
        # 如果本次请求使用了代理，并且网络请求报错，认为这个ip出了问题
        if cur_proxy and isinstance(exception, (ConnectionRefusedError, TimeoutError)):
            print("当前的{}和当前的{}".format(exception, cur_proxy))
            self.remove_proxy(cur_proxy)
            del request.meta['proxy']
            # 重新下载这个请求
            return request

    def remove_proxy(self, proxy):
        if proxy in self.proxies:
            self.proxies.remove(proxy)
            print("从代理列表中删除{}".format(proxy))

settings 文件

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'tutorial.middlewares.RandomProxyMiddleware': 749,  # 修改下载优先级数字
}