题目:

Design a data structure that supports all following operations in averageO(1) time.

  1. insert(val): Inserts an item val to the set if not already present.
  2. remove(val): Removes an item val from the set if present.
  3. getRandom: Returns a random element from current set of elements. Each element must have the same probability of being returned.

Example:

// Init an empty set.
RandomizedSet randomSet = new RandomizedSet(); // Inserts 1 to the set. Returns true as 1 was inserted successfully.
randomSet.insert(1); // Returns false as 2 does not exist in the set.
randomSet.remove(2); // Inserts 2 to the set, returns true. Set now contains [1,2].
randomSet.insert(2); // getRandom should return either 1 or 2 randomly.
randomSet.getRandom(); // Removes 1 from the set, returns true. Set now contains [2].
randomSet.remove(1); // 2 was already in the set, so return false.
randomSet.insert(2); // Since 2 is the only number in the set, getRandom always return 2.
randomSet.getRandom();

分析:

设计一个数据结构支持以下几个操作。

insert(val): 当元素 val 不存在时,向集合中插入该项。
remove(val): 元素 val 存在时,从集合中移除该项。
getRandom: 随机返回现有集合中的一项。每个元素应该有相同的概率被返回。

我们使用HashMap来支持插入和移除操作,利用数组来支持对数据的随机访问。插入元素时,将val和该val在数组中索引值存入map中,新插入的元素实际上在数组中的索引就是数组还有元素的个数,将元素加到动态数组的尾端。

移除元素时,为了能够达到O(1),除了将val在map中移除,还要对数组进行操作,如果单纯的将val所对应的索引处的元素删除,由于后续的所有元素都要向前移动,这样会浪费大量的时间。我们知道数组移除最后一个元素的时间复杂度时O(1),我们将要移除的元素和数组的最后一个元素交换,也可以将最后一个元素覆盖到要移除元素的位置,同时修改最后一个元素在map中对应的索引,最后删除掉数组最后一个元素,就可以保证常数时间的移除操作。最后在数组大小的范围内产生随机数,返回对应的元素,即可实现随机访问。

程序:

C++

class RandomizedSet {
public:
/** Initialize your data structure here. */
RandomizedSet() { } /** Inserts a value to the set. Returns true if the set did not already contain the specified element. */
bool insert(int val) {
if(m.count(val))
return false;
m[val] = v.size();
v.push_back(val);
return true;
} /** Removes a value from the set. Returns true if the set contained the specified element. */
bool remove(int val) {
if(!m.count(val))
return false;
int index = m[val];
m[v.back()] = index;
v[index] = v.back();
m.erase(val);
v.pop_back();
return true;
} /** Get a random element from the set. */
int getRandom() {
int index = rand() % v.size();
return v[index];
}
private:
unordered_map<int, int> m;
vector<int> v;
};

Java

class RandomizedSet {

    /** Initialize your data structure here. */
public RandomizedSet() { } /** Inserts a value to the set. Returns true if the set did not already contain the specified element. */
public boolean insert(int val) {
if(map.containsKey(val))
return false;
map.put(val, list.size());
list.add(val);
return true;
} /** Removes a value from the set. Returns true if the set contained the specified element. */
public boolean remove(int val) {
if(!map.containsKey(val))
return false;
int index = map.get(val);
map.put(list.get(list.size()-1), index);
list.set(index, list.get(list.size()-1));
list.remove(list.size()-1);
map.remove(val);
return true;
} /** Get a random element from the set. */
public int getRandom() {
Random r = new Random();
return list.get(r.nextInt(list.size()));
}
private HashMap<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
private ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
}

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